ED: SoE

17th of October, 2019

Books mostly bring academic concepts, so people think.

We will try to engage with the question:

How can we implement PoO?

The ruling class has generated certain kind of knowledge.

Panini's Grammar: Should we just reset it?

The question which we can frame is:

There are certain set of literature, reading list with any course. Its called a canon.

Sociology has certain canon.

Chi: Understand the canon, but there should be the freedom to debate it, analyze it. Its developed over a period of time. There's no harm in questioning it. Can we critically analyse the text? Say Piaget.

Any knowledge is not the knowledge of the ruling class.

If you have the eye to see that its been developed.

PF is not saying that content is a political thing.

It may have value but it has mark of his time

Can we read more actively, not just passively.

Reading from your perspective.

He hints are very differnt

How do we read?

PF shares his experience of reading in the class

Profs have this problem. There was a time when students used to read a lot!

What matters is how we read.

36 hours of seminar for six pages on the Farmers of Brazil

Testimony, transcript. He went on and on and on.....

By the end of the class, one person walks to PF.

Notebook full of notes.

When you read you engage with reality.

You cannot just have reflection.

Reading a text for teaching has a different engagement

Interpretation...

Touching the body with the gloves on.

The way teaching and learning is happening...

Questions for exams may not be the questions of the learner.

We are not encouraging the learner to raise certain questions.

NCF 2005.

[I heard of the herd which was hurt..]

Can we also create some space where they can formulate...

Formulating question

Field research... Formulating a questions .....

We have essay topics but we don't have research questions.

Existential question..... Why am I here in this world? Answer this in six weeks. Bah!

Formulating question... While we teach can we also formulate a question.

He is not against conceptual understanding. We need to come to concept through experiences... If concepts are not doing that...

He has a powerful language to express things.

Ballet of concepts

The first daunting task before a pedagoge is how can people discuss something which is relevant for them, close to them?

What are the methods to do the same?

He does not give just one method.

One of the critique is that he has worked with adults while most of the education happens with children.

Teachers and students being co-learners. There IS a kind of order.

In a conventional setting, teacher is the traffic controller.

Teacher as the traffic controller!!

Initiation, Response, Feedback

Manipulation is not a dialogue.

Changing this order does not mean that there will be disorder.

Whatever you do , teachers do know the topic being discussed in the class.

Suppose teacher has the facility to decide what s/he will be teaching....

Can we do something

You are non listening. - Joker

You need to know your learner.

There is a canon, teacher and the learner.

In the conventional setting there is not dialogue.

Philosophers on teaching.

You cannot call it teaching if you are not considering teaching.

Knowlege

Teaching

Learner

There is no act which can be called teaching.

You are completely unaware.

You go to a hall and you see a person playing sitar.

Would you define it as teaching?

Teaching cannot be just observed. You have to understand intent.

You cannot ignore learner altogether. Think of any activity.

A person is swimming.

Bringing an element of the learner...

What's the difference between concert and class?

Teaching can be teaching only if someone is learning???

What is the problem of over-emphasizing learner or knowledge?

Child-centric education

" I dont teach subject, I teach the learner."

False generosity

We cannot deny the learner.

Start from the learner and move towards knowledge.

We need to start from the concrete experience.

In Marxist terminology, primitive accumulation.

Caste in Barmer and Caste in Mandya

Caste antagonism

Lewis Dumont

Element of fear

Long working hours, surplus value

Teacher's Training

Listening to a lot of teachers.

The skill of listening to people.....

Journalism

The idea of a good life

Teacher - Student relation, only oppressor and oppressed relation?

Follow the parliamentary debate on RTE Debate

Why will a child learn?

Sports teachers ?

Order and Disorder

Degree of order

Rigour

What text would you like to read again and again?

Think something which means to you?

Term Paper ( 2500 words )

10th of October, 2019

Grammar school: the school for the Elite English.

Doon school

Goodbye Mr. Chips

Second World War

Punishment, by the Principal

The idea of discipline.

What is the best way to discipline?

Pick one story/movie.

Don’t write: I liked the movie.

KORA / Kanopy?

Manpasand: There are two linguists. They do comparative study of languages. They understand how languages develop.

Manpasand

Dosti

Hindi Medium

Tritiya Ratna by Jyotibha Phule

The Exercise Book by R.Tagore

Paulo Friere

Pierre Bordeu?

Gadhian Education: Buniyaadi Taleem

Alternative education

Education is one way is reproducing the inequality that exists.

Education: transformative role.

Rethinking education

Microsociology

Education processes

Teacher’s identity

Student’s identity

Identity of a learner

***

Literacy rate, access.

Caste influences the educational opportunity.

Stratification system: Class – caste – gender.

What is happening in the school? There is something happening at the curricular which somehow helps upper class Hindu male to prosper.

There’s a way we design the textbooks.

The idea of caste, the way caste operates in the Indian society.

The way we associate in public space.

Actually, this idea of civic society doesn’t work.

The idea of segregation, the villages have a geographical boundary for the people of different caste.

This idea of …. Democratic deliberations …. Civil society provides a kind of fulcrum.

In civil space school being one such institution… Curricular designing… In that connection: by Kancha Illiah

Caste Language

School Education

The book is very interesting. Its written primarily to provoke. He is saying that Dalit bahujans are not Hindus. They are different from caste hindus. A student of education should read it.

Caste Language: Looking at language with the lens of a caste.

When we say grammar of language, we mean the rules that govern the sentence formation. How the subject and verb agree with each other. Formal relationship with … Dalit language has a very different grammar. Telugu will have one in which subject agrees with verb. He is not talking about that grammar. He is not talking about the formal aspect of grammar. Language is the medium through which we make sense of the world. The language which Dalits speak is different from that of Brahmin.

Dalits speak production based language. Brahmins speak the language foucussed on rituals and ceremonies.

There is a caste of shepherds. They know the names of different sheep and terms related to wool production.

Its not the case that Dalit students do not have a sense of classification but they classify different sets of objects.

The textbooks are tilted in favour of Brahmins.

He is primarily thinking of language as something through which we make sense of the world.

There are lots of gods and goddesses in Dalits. The deities are not patriarchal.

Lakshmi is considered as the wife of Vishnu.

Hindu Gods and Goddesses : Iconography

In Dalits there is no Swarga or Nark. No heaven or hell.

The spirit of the dead remain in the same world.

Textbooks are primarily designed with certain kind of religious canon.

Certain versions of the Ramayana.

Idea of access.

Even now when we have hundred percent access to schooling… Why do we have primary grade droputs…In graduation we see upper caste is overrepresented.

What can explain the dropout.

Stories become framework on thinking.

Stories shape your worldview.

They become the template.

Chi: Marwari, different dialects.. It doesn’t even have a script. They are forced to learn Hindi. How do you bring a balance and preserve both the languages.

Dialects are dying.

Script and Language

There is no inherent link between language and script.

Dialects have value.

There are several ways of preserving the dialects.

People are not acknowledging that languages have value.

Language is just a medium, this is the popular thought.

Once you start acknowledging the value of language.

Par: English, stories of sleeping beauty,

It possible to have a representation of a culture in any language.

Cultural representation can ben done in any language.

Democratising of language.

One big storyteller from Rajasthan:

Vijayan Detha

Every language has its own idiom.

Vikram Seth, Salman Rushdie, Jhumpa Lahiri.

The Hindi style of writing English gives it the Indian flavour.

A Suitable Boy

The way canons …. The literary canons..

National movement was of bringing all the puranic stories.

Mostly Brahmins were represented.

Feminist scholarship

Dalit literature… Literary canon

When feminists …..Sociology is a very ‘masculine’ discipline. How?

Need to include various voices. Importance of diverse classrooms. Pedagogy which is dialogic, not just of listening. Pedagogy that is dialogic.

Textbook

Classroom as site of production.

Education…

Stratification system influences text and talk/

A Boardroom meeting.

If a group of community are used to physical labour… Using hands and minds together.. They are not used to sit in a place for even half an hour.

Children from upper class where the primary function is ritual and pooja… one kind of classroom will help only one set of students.

This is the general background.

Education as the Tritiya Ratna

Hari:

Struggle by the underprivileged.

In new times, in the universities, Indian societies are posing challenges …

During the time of Throat Committee report, there was a girl suicide because the bank did not find her credit worthy for her student loan.

This shows the non-transperency in the higher education in a metro-politan university.

Talking back.

Murli Krishna M. , a

Swati Margaret

Feminist practices

Nageshwar Rao

Caste on Campuses.

Dalit Doctoral student:

Set of stories, conversations, statements, quoted by some prominent people

English: elitist?

Vernacular: Humble

Provincialisation of higher education

Mandal Commission

Theorisation of caste

There is a woman named Kumud Pawade. She was not allowed to learn Sanskrit. Especially Brahmin’s language. Someone taught her the laugnage. She later comes to the university. There she find a lot of difficulties with the faculties. During the interview session she heard that the interview panellists made fun of her as a government sponsored Brahmin. When she got married to Mr. Pawade, she got a job in the university, then she realises that she got a job because of her husband’s name, and not because of her own identity. Then talking about Kancha Illiah, then, Meena , “ I dream of an English, full of the words of my language……

Macaulay…. Understanding was much more complex. He was a person who thought about modern education. Education of giving everyone the equal rights. Chandrabhan Prasad.

We are talking about caste without brining dalit experiences. Can we bring feminist scholarship without brining women at the centre?

Experience: Hindrance? Important?

Theorising …. Delegitimising…

Experience has specific location.

Theory has the nature of generalisation.

How can you generalise based on specific experiences.

Kancha Illiah,autobiography of Dalit …

Power and Knowledge

The person associated…

There is no neutral position .

Canon.

European Canon:

Power means who has the right to name the word.

Who has the authority to cartegoriese?

Take the instance of migrants.

You’ll categories as …

Giving differential treatment to refugees and documented immigrants.

Dalits: Harijans

NO neutral position.

You need to bring certain voices in the classroom.

You need to consider….Dalits as objects to be analysed. Give opportunity to the group to analyse themselves. But this has theoretic

Gopal

THE CRAKED MIRROR

By Gopal Guru and Sundhar Sarukkai

You may think of experience in two ways:

Sundar

Rural Experience

Outsider participating in certain processes.

Tritiya Rata

Derogathroh,

The IEea

Looking at your expe

Ambedkar – Phule femiis

Indian Univesities Act

Examina

Paulo Friere

Gender and Education

Paulo Friere

24th of September, 2019

Make multiple
drafts to improve your writing. Even when you are writing creative pieces, make
multiple pieces. It comes from contemplative mind. Even when you write poems,
re-write it.

Assignment 2:

To connect
with what you are doing right now.

One part of
your reflection is relevant for SoE as well.

Annihilation
of Caste

Reading
classic pieces just to get a pulse of History. You sense the kind of tension.

So you know
the story of Ambedkar....

Annotations
are interesting.

Ambedkar was a
student of John Dewey.

Gandhi has
problem with untouchability. Gandhi had this standard practice. Gandhi would
ask the person to clean the toilet. That's his way of tackling the issue.

Untouchability
is not an aberration.

Louis Dumont,
speaking like a social scientist. Sounding neutral and impartial, because
you're not an activist.

Ambedkar was
an activist, with very strong academics. Read classic texts because of the
language they use.

Annihilation
of Caste:

Gender: lots
of papers by various authors.

School and
Society: Perspectives

Culture
Ethnicity and Education:

Spend time on
your term paper.

Assignment 2
and 3:

800 - 1000
words.

Just write
whatever is relevant for sociology. The third assignment..

Term Paper:
3000 words: Choose a topic of your interest. Book Review, a classic by someone.
Any theorist. 

Assignment 3:
Movies and stories: Identify issues in the stories.

Movie: My Fair
Lady ( Manpasand; Dev Anand )

Goodbye Mr.
Chips

Story by
Tagore: Khata ( The Exercise Book )

***

Inequality
that has certain permanence.

Structured
inequality. 

If we
universalise education

Reflect based
on your experiences.

Policies that
cement inequality ??

The Dichotomy:
the policy was good but was not implemented properly.

The policy
must be grounded in the grassroot.

Be Little
Specific.

Small
observations??

Subtle things?

Education
intensifying the inequality

I have 'more'
right because I have been born in a higher family.

I have merit
and I have done well in the similar opportunity that you got.

Status is
social honour, has a relatively autonomous space.

Class.

Status and
class mobility.

Education as a
means of providing class and status mobility.

Middle Class
families send their girls to convent schools. In convent schools you learn how
to conduct yourself. Keep thinking about your experience.

Let the date
and evidence and logic speak.

Education
having a negative impact.... 

Education
created dissonance.

Capture
stories..

Living
conditions of the people

SC/ST
community of Mandya

Schools should
work as a counter-public.

Teachers
should be transformative intellectual.

One person,
one vote: Has this given equality to people?

NCERT Books:
Read them: Grade VI and VIII

Caste is a
system and has got lots of challenges.

Caste
Endogamy:

Caste as
identity:

Why has the
caste system got challenge?

What is a
system?

Hierarchy

Geographical
Segregation

Segregation is
just one dimension of class.

Hierarchy is
accepted as a central thing. Its considered as a given.

Caste System:
untouchables also feel that there are people lower than them. 

Everyone feels
that there's someone lower to them.

Hierarchy is
central.

Keep the
hierarchy aside and it becomes caste identity.

For identity
there's difference of logic. 

Identity: 

Formulation :
Political reform: Caste is operating on the principle of difference.

Lots of
scholars, on going debate.

There were two
positions.

Modernisation
will eliminate modernisation.

JL Nehru:
Primary reality is class and caste is just a kind of system of justification.

Caste: Primary
reality in India??

Whether caste

***

Pollution and
Purity

Hierarchy in
India has got nothing to do with power. And that's the reason the caste system
works in India. It means that suppose a group has more political power....

History: Over
the years nothing has changed. Its a cognitive system. Schema Theory. Piaget.

Caste is not
the matter of justification. Caste is something based on hierarchy. 

Romila Thapar

Power has
something to do with hierarchy

Why did
Buddhism and Jainism had such a great appeal?

Karnataka:
Lingayat...

Bhakti
Movement: challenging the idea of inequality, ritual hierarchy

Modes of
production

Ideological
system: caste

Caste,
intially superstructure

Caste,
infrastructure as well.

Caste is
generating some kind of economy. Caste is the principle on which the kinship is
based.

Caste is the
very basis of generation of economic system.

DG's position
is you cannot deny History to any place.

Classes and
economic production

Caste Class

Principle of
Operation

Education :
challenging the caste and class?

5th of September, 2019

Did you learn anything about caste in SoE that you didn't already know?
Regional variations
Two extremes of castes could be similar: Non-Brahmin, Non-Dalit... There were certain ..
In each state you have a dominant caste.
Scripture's definition of caste : The Book View of Caste
Field View of Caste
How should one do sociology? Through scriptures? Through religion text?
When you go and understand the system, you might realise the complexity of the system. This is the regional variation. Field View of Caste.
Loise Dumont, who has presented book view of caste, has done research in Chennai. His generalisation is huge and very controversial. Homo Hierarchicus. Before homo sapiens , there were several evolutionary stages. Its like saying that humans are the people who believe in hierarchy. Hierarchy is so central to the world that equality is not a value. In some parts of the world, hierarchy is the most important.
If you trust equality has no value.... Bhakti Movement, from south to north... The saints are saying that the God has created us equal... So in prayer and practice, we are equal. They were not challenging the economic inequality.
Creating an interesting title to catch interest.
Caste in very central.
As caste is built on the idea of hierarchy, of pollution and purity...
Hierarchy is high order value.
When you get into value conflict you justify your values. For eg. A typical case presented by lot of people. You should be honest. This is a value. If you had to tell the whereabouts of a person who might get killed, you shall lie. Because we value human life more than honesty.
Suppose there's a train. Train is supposed to go to track A. The driver realises that there are hundred people working on the track. On track B there is just one person, and he is sitting because he know that train wont come in track B. Driver cannot apply the brakes. In which direction should the driver go? Some Harvard prof tells this story.
Hindi Movies: Shakti, Dileep Kumar, Amitabh Bacchan. Father is a police wala, son is a criminal... You have certain duty towards the country..... In Hindi movies, they pull the trigger and cry.
Stratification has caste and hierarchy.
The hierarchy ...... This is a huge claim based on a limited data.
Differentiation leads to hierarchy
Idea of purity => Idea of hierarchy
Segregation
Based on hierarchy you have access to various resources
Advent of capital is not helping the situation.
Methodological limitations... How do we explain the pervasiveness of caste? There are certain... It has been created by History. History has impacted the way ..... Who's gonna read Louise Domont ?
Marital Status

***

Jaati, the word for caste. Jaati is sometimes used as a generic term. Hum maanav jaati hain. They are using Jaati in a general sense... Parth Chatterjee, Nation and its Fragments ( Political Philosopher ). Kamala Kant is giving witness in a case. Lawyer wants to know the caste of Kamala Kant.....
Anecdotes, dialogues, kinds of material
Jati: Different
Varna: An
Indian Society: National Book Trust
We often confuse jati with varna
The purush, the first person, From Purush, he just sacrificed himself for this world. From the mouth and head came Brahman, Kshatriya from arms, Vaishya from thighs and shoodra from the feet.
Something essential is difficult of change.
Varna, why do we have varna?
Jaatis came from varna
Its very difficult to understand the varna from which jaati.
Antyaja.
Division of labour? Division for favour?!
??? : We were the Yajman, we had no choice?
Theories of Origin: Devine origin, triguna theory, admixture.
There are three kinds of gunas: Sattva, Rajas, Tamas.
Sattava: Simple Food
Rajas: Enjoying life, certain kinds of wine
Rajputs of Rajasthan: Deer meat, wine meat..
Rajas element: The kings and the ministers.
Till 18th , 19th century, you avoided going aboard.
Varna and Jaati: If we go by scripture view of jaati...
In many Brahmin community they eat non-veg. In Kashmiri brahmin its a common practice to eat non-veg.
Sattvic meat: without onion and garlic. JEIN Chicken
Shakti Pooja
For sacrificing, you sacrifice. Its like prasad.
The Brahmins in Kashmir, West Bengal, UP; They are very different from each other. The acutal
Endogamous....
Caste......
Occupational Specialisation, cultural influence
Caste...
Endogamy has been consistent and has never changed.
They see cause in terms of pollution. Why not inter-caste? They're unclean! I've got a caste to maintain.
Hypergamous marriages. Higher caste boy can marry a lowercaste girl.
'higher' caste OR caste which is considered higher.
Single inverted commas
Nationalism and patriarchy
Love Jihaad
Masuline.
Class Mobility is okay in marriages but not caste mobility.
Caste : everyone believes in it.
??? Tamas
Admixture: Caste system emerged because of racial intermixing. Caste is not race.
Changu: Which race do you belong to man?
Mangu: 100metres and 200 metres.
Changu: What's your class?

Mangu: Class Vth

Upnayan Sanskar
SC: Pancham Varna: Status of the group, recognised by the court.
Ambiguities: Position of several caste group in Varna hierarchy is not clear.
Occupational specialisation...
Caste doing farming is not very clear in the History.
Weath: A means to assert oneself.
System operates at three levels
Varna
Caste Cluster
Jati
In Gujarat you have Patidars. .....
Sub Castes.. Gotra
Kanyakubja Brahmin from UP
20 Biswa
Chaturvedi: Chaubey
Dwivedi: Dubey : someone who has read two vedas
3 kannaujiya, 13 chulhe.
Gotra
Gotra exogamy
Village exogamy
Marriage: Priority
Bend it like Bekham: Gurvinder Chhadda
SC Dubey, Ghule(?)
Jatis are endogamous units
They are hierarchically graded.
They invariably have a jati linked occupation
Considerations of purity and pollution determine the interaction between the different units.
Members of jati share a common culture.
Caste Panchayat: Village level, intervillage level
We will read Ambedkar once we come back.
GS Ghude

3rd September, 2019

Marx's 200 years.

Caste should have disappeared just tail from mammals.

Matrimonials ; Caste ; Capitalism

Caste is another form of stratification.

Caste based reservation

Sociologists first step is to understand caste and class.

Is it a system? It its a system, it has different features. What do you require?

If its a class system, it means that various elements work together.

Castes in India. Different social groups. You are referring to a kind of categorisation. The moment you say caste system, you are saying, various elements coming together as a coherent system.

You cannot think of purity without impure.

This creates a system where each element supports each other.

How to differentiate between

Class

One feature of class is mobility. Class is something that creates status groups.

Class is economic category.

Within a class, there can be many status groups.

Has relative autonomy.

Status

Social Prestige

There is ownership and there is social honour. Ownership of wealth and resources. Your ownership gives you status.

In a status, there can be many class group;

Status group is more related to lifestyle, more related to consumption.

There's a lot of performativity in status.

Group

Caste is a system......

Sarabhai Vs. Sarabhai

Education brings some kind of sta

Base and Superstructure....

Ideas of roots... Root Cause of everything in economic system.

Types of roots.

The problem with base superstructure model is that its very limiting. There are multiple places from where things emerge.

The class is one root of status group. There are other sources of status groups.

3 types of passports:

Brown passport

Govt. Passport

Normal Passport

How did Mallaya escape with so many suitcases?

Mobility within caste system : only group, not individual mobility.

There is a farming community which becomes rich. They will be treated better by the higher castes.

Status group and birth

Caste: Only If You're Born.

Group Mobility

John Dewey, the guide of Ambedkar

Communication is key in a society.

Two Texts: By Kurian,

Caste is a closed status group.

Club Memberships

Delhi: India International Centre

Deewar

***

Caste

Separation:

System of segregation

Villages are segregated.

Agrahara: land given to Brahmin by kings

Read Sanskara by Anand Murthy ( Movie by Girish Karnad )

Awastha

Hindi: Premchand

Biography:

Marathi: Rich Dalit literature

Joothan: Om Prakash Valmiki

Segregation is one aspect of caste.

Segregation doesn't create races. Societies in America....

Segregation.

Hierarchy.

There is hierarchy in the system. Different occupations for different castes.

System has got corrupted. Earlier, caste was just division of labour.

Division of labour -- aberrations -- untouchability

Caste system - division of labour.

System in itself if good but the problems are untouchability. Otherwise, its just division of labour.

Division of labour and Division of labourer.

MG: Go and clean the toilet, Oh Brahmin.

MG started 4 ashrams: Phoenix, Tolstoy, Sabarmati, Wardha.

In Phoenix, fight with Karturba for cleaning the toilet.

Hierarchy and separation creates caste.

Lousie Doumant: Homo Hierarchicus. Controversial theory. This hierarchy is created on the basis of purity and impurity.

Castes in India

What are the principles that create caste? Certain things are considered impure and certain things are considered pure.

Basically, all the body fluids are impure. Anything is impure if its coming from a body.

During the periods women were not allowed to perform pooja.

There are purity ritual...

Certain community being forces to do scavenging.

Binary: 0 and 1.

The system is programmed with this purity and impurity. Extended ritual... What you can eat, what you can accept...

Food Habits: Brahmins....

29th of August, 2019

What is the process through which inequality gets generated.

Today we will discuss Weber's notion of class. He has different views on class and on stratification.

Society is primarily divided on class basis. But Weber sees other aspects of stratification. There are other dimensions that stratify society.

Desperate situation is not random.

If the system has to function, there needs to be bargaining capacity in the hands of capitalists.

There are various ways to see democracy.

Is it because of capitalists?

The welfare system in Europe and India, though here, its a mess!

The logic of capital somewhere governs.... There are other pressure groups. You come up with something like Shmoo. It represents the welfare system. What is the primary basis on which he decides the class?

Ownership and non-ownership of means of production.

ONWER and NON-OWNER.

By commodifying labour power they sustain the production.

This puts the CEO of the company and the worker in the same group. Even the CEO is selling his skills, his intellectual labour power. Assuming the CEO doesn't own anything, doesn't have any shares. We are putting various kinds of people in the same group.

News: Gurgaon, Maruti Udgoy. 2013-14. The HR manager was killed by the workers!

We say the white collar professionals belong to the middle class. This middle class is something which most of the policies are geared to. The size of Indian middle class was growing. More and more people were becoming a part of the middle class. This gave them hope. India's population now is 1.25 billion. Just calculate 20% of this number.

The marker producers saw a big hope in the Indian middle class. Social groups buying their first car, bike, dining table...

Lifestyle keeps one thing coming after the other.

These were places where market was growing. Hence they thought .. Will be a machine for growth.

Inequality and size of middle class has been growing.

If you read the chapter, Class Analysis, Class Structure.

Erik brings some ideas from Max Weber.

There's one porttion: The problem of middle class.

Weber has given some idea.: Stratificaiton system is not completely dependent on class structure.

In term of class he says, class saves you life chances. He is not saying that its going to be determined completely by your class , but your chances in life is primarily dependent of class. Class is not like a community. You don't always feel that you belong to one class. It's not like living in a community. Class situation depends on the market situation. Market means is the place where you sell your commodity. At certain point of time, you have lots of mechanical engineers and suppose the salary of enineers...

Owner : land house, capital good

If you are getting rent, you will have a different behaviour, if you are getting profits, you will have different behaviour.

Among skill workers, there are those who have certain, specific skills.

Suppose you are a neurosurgeon.... You are rare. There's a market which will reward you more. The bargaining capacity of the neurosurgeon will be more than a paramedic. Once s/he joins a hospital, his/her name also gets attached with the hospital.

Modern times... Work of a labour can be observed.

Only medical council can tell if a doctor was negligient.

In medical cases, police and judge depend on the Medical Council.

Its similar for teachers. Unfortunately its not being realised in schools.

Some processes cannot be closely monitored.

What kind of skill set is the person selling?

What is the situation of the market?

In many ways, class situation is a ...

In 60s and 70s, till 80s a big market for Civil Engineers. Then people started going for mechanical engineers.

Everybody wants to be an IT engineer.

RV, PES, Ramaiya: The colleges in demand. You cannot even think of getting IT here.

A skill set in one...

You need to determine the labour power in terms of skills and authority.

Authority means how much independent you are in terms of taking decisions.

We know that CEO has lots of authority. The owner transfers some power to the CEO. You have this annual package of ten crore rupees.

The kind of jobs IT engineers do in India is manual and process orientation.

You have build some trust with your existing CEO..\'

In Marxist term you are paying the CEO and the Neurosurgeon a little higher than the market rate.

8 crore is the wage, 2 crore is the bonus

Wage in pure economic terms...

CEO 10 = 8 + 2

If its not profit, its rent.

In this case we are paying ren.t. You are getting skills rent and loyalty rent.

This class is a contradictory class.s

In this case, the type of ....

With this group getting wage and rent, its a contradictory class. Sometimes this gets complicated.

Apart from the package ,

If you pytting your mo...

Middle

For simple labour is

Today loyalty has become a value..

Its not about the wages but how you are getting it.

Petty Bourgeoise: Has capital just enough for subsistence. Small shopkeepers..... Farmers with a small patch of land.

Marx says that the petty bourgeoise will vanish.

Capitalist: Hires labour

Petty bourgeoise : Doesn't hire labour.

Erik Olin Wright, Class Counts, Page-21

Non Skilled Managers don't sit in the policy matters.

Power Shift: Alvin Toffler - Managerial Revolution... You need an expert who understands where to invests money.

Bureaucrats : Has one additional power, they have legal protection, they have state power.

The state provides some legal power

***

If we look at the reality it s more complicated than the framework.

Experts become expert managers because of the results that they deliver.

How society works, everyone has a sense....

If you look at mobility, many don't think ..... Very few... You don't need to job seeker, you should be a job creator... Being an owner is too risky... In India education is a means of upward mobility in terms of class.

Class Mobility.

In India education is another means for status mobility.

If someone is earning well in business, s/he would want his children to become IAS officer. By being an IAS officer you will be in a different social / status group. This is more in the case of women. In many places they want their daughters to be educated, so that they can get married off to better families. Marriage Market ( as a metaphor. )

In India education if primarily perceived as a means for class and status mobility.

Classes, Status group, parties are phenomena of distribution of power.

For Marx, its a the production site.

Class is becoming an important part of stratification.

In many capitalist societies, wealth equates to prestige. You may have wealthy h people in the city.

You have social prestige if you are a social worker, pandit/ religious leader ,

Status group is a larger set, caste ..,.

We always the story of the poor brahmin.

Poor but morst

Your status doesn't depend on your wealth.

Wealth is not only thing that determines your status.

The society in Dravidian part for ....

All the non-...

You can pray... You have access to God.

From Ramanujacharya..........

Chant the God

In places like Rajasthan they created geneology ... They started controlling resources.. They became wealthy... Aap toh Ra ke vansh se aate ho.. Hence suryavanshi.. Hence the status of khsatriya.. Nobody in the history of India was declared as a Brahmin. Brahmins never declared any other groups.

These systems are linked to each other.

Party: group which has some power. Certain access to power. We need to consider party separately. In this sphere you have some legal authority. Difficult to imagine a politician with less wealth. The class has authority to ....

Political Economy.

Who defines what is property? Legislative Authority.

Land was not a property. Its was a resource. Your position in politics depends on the kind of wealth you have and the funding you can organise.

Within party , part of power comes from the wealth. There are other sources of autonomy.

Classes, status group and parties have relative autonomy. Things are other way round...

In India, education is also a means of status mobility. Caste is not the only status group;

Small Talks...

Conceptual world... In actual empirical historical world, what you want your children to become, why are spending so much on education......

There will be some kind of status mobility.... It gives you wings!

SOOCIAL CAPITAL..... Apart from status, you get social capital.

Basically , education.....

Caste is a cruel and closed group. In order to break this closed status group. Ambedkar felt education as emancipatory potential. Education may not solve problems but will empower people.

Ambedkar wanted to practice law in Baroda but was not allowed.

He saw that power comes from political groups.

Amb: You need to have political representation.

Read Erik's Class Structure and Class Analysis.

27th of August, 2019

Marxism

Ideas which Marx presents are quite common place.

Absolute and surplus value

Bourgeon

Class Structure

The way he talks about profit, rent, socially necessary labour time...

The class analysis is not very difficult.

But when he tried to explain the whole process of production, he invoked a lots of ideas.

Haris: I can connect things with my life.

Mari: Its like Kerela.. Kerela is trying to do something within constitutional framework... Kerela has diluted right to property.

Somewhere we feel, Marxism is either too easy or too hard. We all know that there are rich people in the society and there are poor people in the society. We feel we belong to the middle class. Rich and poor, every one recognizes.

Wipro Corporate Office.. Wipro is a global company.. Sarjapura Road.... There's a blacksmith who's still there.

There are big company offices... What does Wipro do?

This blacksmith disappear. He will either become a wage labourer. There's a high probability that he might become wage labourer or become capitalist.

The Blacksmith Start-Up. He can start a company. He will start packaging it and make it available online.

The petty bourgeoise. This class will disappear.

Pramod Laddoo. He used to sell laddoo. From Bihar. Upward movement of that class.

Class of capitalist: earning profit from surplus value, rent...

Track that blacksmith.. Within few years.. He wont be able to sustain his land his means of production.

Classical Marx Theory.

Bureaucrats consuming major surplus value.

Proletariat

Ideal of proletariat is not well defined.

Marx Pamphlet: Communist Manifesto

CAPITAL was his seminal work, with which he was not very satisfied.

Counter Intuitive

There are rich and there are poor.

We had king and we had paupers.

There were always rich and poor.

Because people have different capabilities.

If you are religious, you may have a religious explanation.

If you are secular, you'll think in terms of the explanation...

The five fingers of the hand are not the same.

And this is so evident that people....

Different capacity..... Someone can read...

Classes are formed by nature.

We see very clear differences within the society.

What does it mean? The first thing we need to undetst

Differences doesnt necessary entail deficiency.

Strong , strength... How do you define a certain thing?

Difference doesn't mean deficiency

Examples from nature..

Go and talk to your Grandfater, very soon you will come up with some kind of analogy.

Something is socially, historically, culturally formed. The definition of strength.

We negotiate

Historical formations of class

Similarity and equality

Differences does not lead to deficiency.

You may belong to the class, but you may not be for the class.

In order to transform a class, you require some kind knowledge.

Inequality is ....

Go and talk to teacher!

Chandragupta Maurya

There was some scope of upward mobility.

There wasn't another Changragupta Maurya.

In different historical epochs there are different kinds of formations.

Different kinds of class formations.

There are rich and poor always in a society.

The rich in the mideval society were different from rich in the feudal society.

There are different historical formations, class formations

Epoch.

Historical Stages ( Epoch )

Class formations

You had slave and slave master and they were associated with each other very differently.

Feudal lords and serfs...

Bourgeoise and Proletariat.

The key idea which he invokes is how different social groups are on the basis of system

In different historical stages you have different ways...

Means of production... How different social groups are related to means of production.

The slave master had complete control over the slave.'

Means of......

Means of production

Relationships

You are not hunter and gathereres. Ou

Control productive power.

Letters by Nehru to Indira Gandhi

Controlling the female reproductive unit through monogamy/

Unlike slaves, serfs had some control over his land.

But a serf could not change the field on which he works.

The character of Vibhishan.

Loyalty was the biggest value in feudal system.

Freedom was the biggest value in capitalism.

Contract. We all are bound by contract. Marxism do...

One can take initiative in the system, one can do a startup.

Relations of production : value system

You had relationships based on .....'

Freedom is the biggest value. You can be your own guardian. You are freem

Now you don't have o

Workers of the world unite, you have nothing to loose.

Proletriat as a class

The jobs will be Bangalored!

Welfare State

Unemployment money

Social Security

Disparity is not an exception. Its there by very design. Conflict theory. Dependence on each other is very much there but the interests are conflicting.

The capitalist hates welfare schemes.

Putting people in desperate situation.

Poverty in the system.

People are poor because the system works quite well.

Assuming that nobody is altruistic, every class is rational, going by the rational choice,

Wealth Creators and Job Creators

Bureaucrat doesn't belong to any class.

Heggle Head

Common Sense

Eric

Proletariat class is revolutionary class. This class is emancipatory class.

22nd of August, 2019

Why attendance is so thin today?

Discussion on the assembly

What did you observe?

Kids are just doing things as instructed.

What do your observations tell you about the morning assembly?

They are just following the system. They are just a part of the routine. Just following the process.

Functionalist purpose... Trying to tell them about the wider society.

In a lot of ways, this is just a set format, and we are following it.

Structures, structures, structures....

The young ones are clueless...

Formats...

Format becomes more important than the content. There is pattern, protocol..

You may find this news reading activity in many places.

Maybe you can see the presence of curriculum and hidden curriculum.

Format itself becomes very important. Content.

Format is how we are writing, content is what we are writing.

Lots of things have format...

There are rituals in religious practices, politics...

If you start observing your school closely, you will realise ...

For sociology, you need to observe those aspects of social life. The kind of things we are discussing now ... Different ways of creating society ... We create one kind of society in school, in the workplaces, in marriage parties, in army..

Observe how people are coming together... Canteen, shopping mall, activities which guides people, Hosa road junction...

Micro and macro sociology... They complement each other... So, these school observations and practicum have these opportunities. You will come across several experiences... You shall be observed as an observer. Just keep your eyes open, so that you don't full in the gutter. Keep eyes open on other occasions also.

Observe how people are coming together, you know what I mean. People sketching, they can do it in a closed space also. They can have good study of gesture, posture... They have training in art. On the spot sketching is an important aspect of any fine art.

Observing morning assembly, classroom... Co-ordination in the playground...

NEXT TASK: Knowing about parental expectations, child ambitions...

Recap:

Stratification: To describe the inequality between the people. It occurs in gender, age, religion...

Society is seen as the consistent

Why is understanding social stratification important for the students of education?

Stratification impacts the schooling process...

What kind of content will be taught, the curriculum..

Example of Kanchalaiya...

What learning names of Gods is important that learning the names of plants...

The content of education is shaped by social stratification.

Even content of science may get some influence of social stratification.

India has a rural population.... But the science curriculum address more so the industrial science....The money being pumped into industrial research is more...

When we think of worker, we think of the male.

Tools, spade...

P Sainath, he is a rural reporter for the HINDU. He redefined journalism. PARI (?)

Agricultural implements...Sickle and Hammer...

Where is R&D the maximum?

India had IIT in the 50s and 60s... The kind of things they learnt weren't present in India, hence they migrate...

How content of education gets effected by stratification?

The process of education also gets marred by stratification.

Memorising could be one way of learning... Doing things, hands on, minds on may be effective for other people.

The sociality, social form that we have in school, is closer to the society.

Its also institutional design. You have your school system stratified... Class system in places like Bengaluru... Categories of schools... Schools mimic the class system in India...How are policies being framed.

Why do we have IITs and IIMs, who compete with world class institutions, but we do not have any high quality of teacher education? NO WORLD CLASS TEACHING DEGREE :(

Focussing on merit...

Education is also creating stratification.

IT Revolution effect of teaching in English...

Education has a potential to challenge stratification and this is on the things which Talcot Parsons says...

Education provides option for social mobility....

Labelling...... Promoting fixed mindset...

Tracking students their growth....

What keeps this social stratification in place?

What is the key feature of

What are the structures that keep the rich rich and the poor poor?

In the Communist Manifesto, the Bourgeoise created platform for themselves..

Does wage labour

In bourgeoise society ... Increase accumulated labour ?

The working classes do not get anything to increase their asset.....

Any class system is dependent on the surplus value.

Surplus value means that society has adequate production for subsistence and extra... Something to accumulate...

In any system of classes operating....

Reproducing ourselves... Maintaining our status and lifestyle..

Socially necessary labour time..... Produces enough to sustain human race... Surplus value ....

Without imagining surplus value, you cannot imagine city.

In a city you have expert, specialised professional...

City = Surplus Value

Until the labour power is working more than the surplus value time, there won't be surplus value.

If the slaves are just producing for themselves and their master, they may not create surplus value.

Surplus value , can it be created only by exploitation of labour power?

In different class systems, you have different notions of surplus value.

Just by directly controlling the slave, you can create surplus value.

The legal system doesn't allow the slave to negotiate.

Gradually, one may realise that slavery is not the most efficient method of surplus production.

If you're not giving the slave any kind of freedom, you may not get the optimum output.

There's no bonus, no incentive.

In slavery there's generation of surplus value.

Labour theory of Value...

Ricardo.... Value can only be added through labour. Other things are being provided by nature.. Just by adding your labour, you are creating value. And this is valid also for slavery...

Some societies can go beyond and create surplus value.

In feudal system, there's different way of creation of surplus value.

The first line of Communist Manifesto....

Hiterto (So far)

Marx doesn't consider primitive community as History.....He had certain utopia of communism... Class struggles comes from the idea of appropriation of surplus value. Though this system produced surplus value.. Aristotle.. Socrates... They did philosophy.... Greeks... Greek slaves had some rights... They couldn't participate in politics...

The person working hard had no purpose to innovate...

Struggle between Slaves and their Masters.... Spartacus ( Novel ), one who struggled against slave masters....12 years a slave... In feudal system, the feudal system attached labour to land. Serfs were given some land on which they used to farm and pass the surplus to the feudal lord. The serfs were associated with land.

Here, serfs were different from the slaves. They could not go and work with other family.

Bondage slavery ( Bandhua majdoori )

Biggest value which defined everything... Idea of Loyalty. Being loyal means being a nice person. Loyalty, not freedom.... In different parts of the world... Europe... Communist Manifesto started with how new classes emerged from the feudal classes.. How did the bourgeoise emerged? There was trade happening? The trade happened which created guilds and wealth. These merchants started influencing the politics... The Bourgeoise made alliance with the big powers.. East India Company ( Who started it, by the way? )

The people running the EIC were business people, but they were backed by the feudal lords. Once they started setting up colonies, they got rich. Then the feudal classes started getting rich... NETFLIX .. Beecham House?

https://www.netflix.com/in/title/80236781

Beechu\am was one EIC army officials. With some dispute he didn't like the way EIC worked. He bought a house in Delhi. But Mughals started doubting EIC officials. This class, i.e. The Bourgeoise displaces feudal lords from the politics.....

Marx spent his entire life understanding capitalism... He is attempting to understand a grand theory.. This new class emerged from the previous classes.

Business community....

" This bourgeoise class revolutionised everything. " The part of the revolution was that they were doing business. They were a part of the exchange. Earlier, market was smaller than society. Now market and trade, kind of, sort of, dictate life as they have become as big as the society.

In this system, the idea of subsistence economy doesn't go well. Everything will be commodified. Commodity is the object that has a use value and an exchange value. Every single thing becomes a commodity. The primary function in a capitalism society is buying and selling. Either you are a capitalist, you have means of production, you will buy labour power. You will be selling and getting money. If you are labour you must sell your labour power. If you are a weaver, you cannot sustain youself, as the big automatic looms produce faster and cheaper.

With this buying and selling...

The kind of inequality was huge.

Alam Shah , Beecham house.

Surplus value

In post world war they distributed surplus value among the workers.

With this idea of surplus value, you will get the text... Its not a traditional idea of class... Your location with means of production...

What creates the class system?

Ask Questions !! :)

Who is poor and who is rich?

Class is more visible than caste.

What creates these class system?

Marx is being discussed because of coherency of ideas.. Some of his ideas were challenged.

Use Value: Something is useful for you.

Gold has some use value, but lot of exchange value.

Capitalism is pushing everything to have exchange value. Use value is primary.

Capitalism commodifies things.

For each activity you need to go and buy.

For each and every human activity society is commodified.

20th of August, 2019

Practicum component of SoE

Observe the assembly

Assignment:

3 short answer questions:

Write a page for every answer

Why do sociologists use difficult terms, like, stratification?

Inequality is an effect of stratification.

Stratification, layers, top soil, porous rock.

All the layers are dependent on each other.
The layers contribute to each other, there is interdependency between each other.

Stratification among tribes, military stratification ( sepoys, officers )

In some cases, like military, stratification may be needed.

Army needs a leader in order to win a war. Inequality can be legitimate in some ways. There all kinds of sociologists.

Inequality : something is wrong, inequality is a loaded term. Since we value equality, inequality is looked down up.

Loaded terms create biases.

Capital in 21st century

Inheritance Tax

Why do we use stratification, and not inequality?

Stratification is a value neutral term.

Oxfram, an orgranisation that p

1% Vs 99%

Which class do you belong to?

Middle Class.

Middle class, why the fuss around middle class?

What is social stratification?
Why understanding systems and process of social stratification is important for the students of education?
What kind of sociological understanding of stratification will help students?
Systems of stratification

Metaphor: comparison

What is social stratification?

The key metaphor operates around geo

All the social structures are found in History.

Stratification in society is not natural formation.

Stratification....

Women are not born, they are made..,

Labour as a strata ...

Class in itself

Class for itself

Dog bites the man, not a story.

Man bites the dog, this is the story.

Strange, unusual makes an interesting story.

No form is random

You have to think in terms of Stability, change, continuity

Education gives a person social mobility

Education has a big role to play.

Movies on education, Hindi Medium

How can education challenge stratification?

Ambedkar has emphasized education.

Anchaliya

Problematizing the content

The types of morning in a family; working class family, farming family, business family...

Some forms of curricula can favour some classes.

Institutional arragement

Stratified schools.......

Chagan Bhujbal

Sugarcane lobby, cotton lobby...

Rich farmer could be a rent seeker. They give their land and get a secured land.

The business of efficiency

Rent seekers look for stability...

Rent Seeking

Skill Rent, Royalty rent

Its not your money that defines your class, its how you attain the money that defines the class.

Next class will be on class.

Just Read Communist Manifesto Chapter 1

Read Giddens

For the next class, class

13th of August, 2019

Attendance

The self can arise only because of the society. How the acquisition of language can help a perosn.

Contrast his argument with the theories we have read.

Functionalism and Conflict theory are called as macro theories.

And this particular approach, Herbert, is called micro theory.

Macro

Social System

Social Structure

Micro

Social Action

Social Actor

Marx says, its not about invidividual, this idea of realising profit, its a systemic logic. Usually the social actors participating in the system.

Macro Theories

Ways to explain human behaviour.

Artificial

Watson trained pigeon to play table tennis.

Interaction

Playing

What is symbol?

Interaction

Interpretation is always involved in human interactions. What gives meaning to certain things depends on the social setting. Interpretation.

In all the cases we interpret.

After the interpretation

Before doing anything, one thinks a lot. We anticipate two-three steps ahead, very much like chess.

We imagine what kind of response will I expect. This gives goal orientation. You action is goal orientation.

INTERPRETATION.

Socialisation

Looking yourself from other's perspective.

Decentric

Understand Yourself

Self

Development of Self

You have multiple selves.

Rene Descartes

Self is reflective entity.

We all play several roles everyday.

I continuously ...

Self i

Andhayug!

While doing sociology, we need to ....

NCF 2005

Conduct a good inter

Macro and micro socialogy

Looking youserlf formt

Concept map

Unit 2

Paraphrased

Sentence (Maria, 2011, pp 23-29)

Reference

IPA

8th of August, 2019

Attendance

You can have a community which consumes everything is has. Will there be a political class?

What is a city comprised of?

A place which doesn't produce but still is able to sustain itself.

The issue of justice will come later.

Farmers, producers are supporting us so that we can offer our services. If you see in a kingdom in 3 BC, a huge army, it will have a purpose. Harrappan Civilisaiton. Without surplus production you cannot imagine a city.

Nation leaders were producers, they were doing some ritual/political functions.

You have classes in a city.

Surplus Value : this surplus value creates classes.

Communist Manifesto: Powerful language. A literary piece.

First Stage: Primitive conmmunism

Once you start producing beyond your immidiate needs, then you can sustain a class which is not involved in primary production.

In various systems, there are ways to consume the surplus production. Even in feudalism there was scope for surplus value. You cannot imagine Taj Mahal without surplus value. So feudalism also had realisation of surplus value. The process of realisation of surplus value was different. In feudalism there were serfs ( half slaves ), they had some rights. Serfs were supposed to produce for masters. Generation after generation, you would work for one landlord. This was one kind of control. This was based on certain kinds of relationships. Slavery is not being discussed here. I would strongly recommend Communist Manifesto. In feudalism the relationship is based on a certain value system. The key is loyalty. Swamibhakti, Wafadari... Feudalism still exists in our society. That relationship was based on a certain value system, the idea of loyalty, the idea of obligation. You must be loyal to your master. You cannot work for someone else. On the other hand if you are the landlord, you have an obligation to support the family. From there you come across as a king who is supportive to his subjects. Ramayana, Ram Rajya: an ideal system for feudalism. Ram has obligation to support his subject, but he doesn't have the obligation to treat everyone equally. Somebody who is loyal is Hanuman. Gandhi has given a different context of Ram Rajya. Even if the family is ill, the landlord must support the serf / labourer. This loyalty, this value system defines feudalism. Direct controlling the labour. Complete control of the labour was slavery. In feudalism, control was confined to the place/farm where one worked. Slaves had no freedom. Absolutely no freedom. Abraham Lincoln. Qutubuddin Aibak, slave dynasty in India.

When you conceptulaise things in Sociology you bring ....

Sociologists go by generalisations. That loyalty and value system defined feudalism.

In capitalism the relation between wage labourer and factory owner is different. Freedom is central to the value system. You are free to work for any factor. Your relationship to your employer will be based on your contract. You are willingly working for your employer. As long the contract is being respected, you will not be violating the social norm. This is the freedom which one enjoys. Here realisation of surplus value is different. This freedom is somewhere about, look, the large mass of population, doesn't have a means of production. Independent producer means, you have few acres of land, you are a subsistence farmer, or you are a craft person, who has a factory, you are producing for yourself. Capitalism doesn't produce on a small scale. Eg. Looms. The unit cost of clothes produced in these looms will be significantly lower than that produced by small scale weavers. Eventually they will sell everything and go the city and work as labourers. We have so many cases of farmer suicides, in Karnataka, in Maharashtra... Just look at the location of History... Population working for them. Now its coming in small businesses as well. Gradually its difficult for a small shopkeeper to sustain. A few, Mom and Pop shop in the corner. We also have lots of big supermarket run by local businesses. Once the big retail chains come, you wont find small shops. Talk to any small shopkeeper, s/he will be facing challenges. Typically, the way merchant capitalism took over primary producer.

Internal policy: We get the products on the platform. We allow the market to develop, then become the manufacturer of that product, Amazon Basics. Going by Marxian analysis, the logic of capitalism works in favour of big companies. Finally, you will be free from all forms of production. We are being free in that sense. We are free to choose. We are free from all kinds of worldly attachment. In other sense we are completely dependent. You sell your labour power. You commodify the labour power. This is the idea of labour power. You go to the market and sell you skills. You have no other choice. If you have just one choice, you are NOT free. First choice is gone, of producing something. You must work, because not you cannot be a private producer. This commodification is an all pervasive phenomenon. You cannot produce your bread and butter. You cannot be a small farmer. You cannot think of not working and not working for you food. We have experiments, cooperatives. Very idea of freedom.... Capitalism is more efficient. 'He' doens't soun.....

All the systems have certain contradictions. The next system supersedes the previous system. Socialisation of production is good. In a relationship of production, people are coming together and producing.

Eventually, private property has to be abolished. Once the structure of ownership is abolished, you shall be free. The stories of Stalin, Polpot etc. Theoretically its possible to imagine, that people will come together to produce.

Disembeddment :

Three kinds of exchanges:

Reciprocity

Commodification

Redistribution

We were talking about commodification. We are in a system of commodity production. In day to day life reci and redis have not disappeared. This commodity production has changed....

In feudal system, economic system is embedded in the social fabric. The economic system is also a local system, confined to a local area. International trade was miniscule (minimal). Only big traders/merchants were a part of the global trade. If you compare the international trade with local production, it was very less. Right now, you and me can have coffee from Latin America. Basically, the point is feudal system was local production system. In that sense, the production was embedded in the social fabric, in relationships. There was no currency. But weren't gold and silver used? But there was no mandate on currency. Many kings would issue coins. Experiments with currency were there. But farmers and local trade had mostly, barter. The proportion of exchange was fixed. Barter system constricted you , limited you in terms of access you could have to other products. Yajman, the priest calls you Yajman, You are also Yajman of your barber. As a return of his service, he would get foodgrains, farm produce. They would give farm produce.

Yajmani System, a way of reciprocity?

Once money enters it commodifies things. Once money enters its makes everything free to flow. Everybody accepts money, and then you have international currency like Dollar. This is disembeddedment. If you have money, you can get things from different place. If you have money, you can get anything from anywhere.

Dependent on immediate environment

Not dependent on immediate environment

Tirupur

Affluent countries have shifted their dirty production to third world countries. The Europeans design. No Logos. Book by

This is disembededment. This is going towards commodity production. Here you cannot hold your worker with yourself.

Structural inequality: A capitalist can stop production for an year, workers cannot stop their work for an indefinite power. Collective bargaining may address structural inequalities in the labour market. Money dislocated everything.

This has its impact on the education system.

Karl Something Something

Adam Smith: Market regulates itself. Social systems should be built on the models of the market.

Its not possible to dissociate ecnomics from politics and society.

Fair market requires trust. Trust is a function of society.

Market needs property. Property ownership is defined by law. You cannot own oxygen. You own your body. There are different legal systems. If you completely own your body, you could commit suicide. Surrogacy is allowed in certain legal system. Sex work is legally allowed. They pay taxes and are protected by the system. What is commodity and what is not commodity depends from place to place.

The implication of all the above on education:

School has become a business enterprise. Has the relationship between teachers and students changed? Has education become a commodity or is it still reciprocal? Teacher and student is still reciprocal. There is an element of the reciprocal relationship. Salary is an important motivation for us to work. Maybe, if I get double my salary, I might have a dilemma. Theories/toolkit/conceptual apparatus will help you to think. The field ...

Powerful imagination in the policy circle, treating teaching as a commodity. School chain as Starbucks cafe! What is the best way to teach Maths and Science, you will create lesson plans and curriculum, then all of this will be taught, delivered by the teacher. Processes. The push towards commodification is high. CBSE also has done standardisation, though political. There are different degrees of conceptualisation; Curriculum, lesson plan, how to conduct a class. Sitting right here in Gurgaon, I can tell you, what is being taught in Maths in which grade.

Teaching is not about knowledge. Its also about learner. There are two dimensions: One if knowledge and the others is the learner. Teaching Theory of Relativity in grade six is not teaching. You may have all the knowledge, because you are not keeping the learner in mind. While you are brining certain body of knowledge...

The moment you keep aside improvisation and spontaneity, the classroom become a MacD kitchen.

Marx doesn't see it as a closed chapter. Marx has imagination to move beyond this.

The model of teachers has always been as the provider of knowledge and education. And hence they have been exploited by giving absurdly lower remuneration.

Commodification doens't always have negative implications. And reciprocity and redistribution should not be romanticised.

Lower caste people coming as consumer, being treated as a consumer, not just as a lower caste. Commodification frees you from bondage. Dalit scholars have gone far beyond.. Dalit Chamber of Capitalists. BR Ambedkar was not pro-capitalism.

Teaching learning is more reciprocal. Standardisation is just one element of commodification. There are critical theories feel that this is not a closed chapter. Entire process resembles an assembly line.

School as a counterpublic sphere - Henry Giroux

School as critical space - meaning a space to look beyond the obvious. As a historically created, socially created system. Early version of Marxism, economic system is primary cause, effect of economic system is seen on other systems.

Base and superstructure system.

Superstructure: Media, Religion, Politics, Family, Education

Base:

Relations of production: proletariat, bourgeoisie, private property

Means of production: machines, raw materials

The kind of religion you will have in your country will depend on the education system.

Protestant reform as emergence of capitalism.

After WWII, you see welfare estate. Yes, there is idea of private property. You have unemployment benefit. Capitalists hate unemployment benefit. MNREGA is basically an employment benefit. Any property owner hates MNREGA.

Political system shaping economic system.

That's all about conflict theory. I need 15-20 minutes to talk about Max Weber. Then there is important to go into the third perspective. Next class is on Tuesday.

6th of August, 2019

Conflict Theory

Every form has its own function, like the appendix.

Sociological systems resemble biological systems.

Giving an analogy ;

One can understand evolution of society through biology. Society is not biology, it grows like biology.

Biological explanations are not adequate. We need sociological explanations to explain our behaviour.

Society is similar to amoeba.

The role of teacher.

Like in amoeba every function is together.

Now we have separate institutions for pedagogic functions.

Complex Societies

Role of education in a complex society.

Status in a modern society is achieved.

Ascribed: Given by birth

Achieved:

Use of keywords to recapitulate the learning material

Using key terms in a subject/discipline.

We need mass education.

Deschooling society, Ken Robinson, Tony Wgner

We need learning networks.

Separating morality from religion.

Value Consensus, solidarity is important.

Religion had the function of moral education.

Reading across the disciplines. They mutually support each other. If you read original pieces

Changes are not just quantitative but qualitative.

If lots of quantitiative change accumulate , qualitative change c

Analogy of differentiation.

***

Axioms and Theorem

***

Keyword in Functionalist perspective: interdependence

Various systems are dependent on each other.

A is dependent on B.

B is dependent on A.

People loose their land, other than his labour power. Labour is hence dependent on the industrialist.

A ( labour ) is dependent on B ( employer )

Working for them.

Who is more dependent?

Working for someone, working with someone?

Collective bargaining

KC Das, MG Road

Families

Asymmetry of power.

Degree of dependence.

Why? Because...

Domestic Work: Economic value of work.

Running a household is quite rigourous.

Productive value was given to all forms of labour but not to the domestic work.

Biography of Karl Marx

Invisibility of labour.

Interdependence, skewed in favour of one group.

Conflict Theory: Marx, Max Weber

Interdependence, As

Antagonistic interdependence

Two Dimensions:

Only labour can create value.

Creating Value.

Labour theory of value.

Antagonism: Interest of one group in

There in profit onl

Demand and Supply

Exchange can

Companies are corporate now,

If you buyig a share

Power has its own logic. It doesn't need to depend on ownership.

Communist Manifesto

Ricardo

Functionalist Perspective:

The concept of exploitation

Exploitation is antagonistic interdependence,

Max Weber.

1st of August 2019

By Shekhar

1st of August 2019

By Roshan

1st of August 2019

By Ankit

Attendance

Functionalism

Till now we studied general topics.

Function of Education in Modern Complex Society.

Terms and concepts in sociology

Stop me when you feel you've not understood.

I am calling it basic outline because this theoretical approach is used to understand why/how society emerges from a mass of individuals. We can see individuals everywhere. Its one way to theorize society. Why in society there are certain institutions, structural features. Sociology and anthropology. These are very closely linked subjects, esp. Social anthropology and sociology.

I will present a general outline of this topic. Teacher needs to present argument in full, but as of now a general outline will be presented and we will enrich it later.

Also, we aren't doing MA sociology. So we will look at education from the lens of sociology.

Keep taking notes. This is how you will understand what you've not understood.

First thing is, that a society functions like a system. And they create a parallel. Society functions like a biological system. This is a metaphor. In our body we have several systems.
For eg. Digestive system, reproductory system, circulatory system.

If there is one change in one system it will impact other systems as well. These systems are coming together to create the human body. They are inter-dependent.
Different sub-systems support each other. Its a part as well as a whole. When various part come together its called a whole. These various systems and organ have various forms/structure.

These structural features have some function. Everything has some function. Take the example of fingers. Thumb looks different because it has different function.

We have four limbs, two legs and two hands. ( Tetrapods )

In humans upper limbs have different function as compared to the lower limbs. In monkeys and cats a similar thing exists. We have appendix which has no function. If appendix grows doctor removes it without a second thought. In other cases, the organ must be repaired. Appendix doesn't have any function. Each organ has a function. Social systems are like biological system, according to functionalist approach.

Political system, economic system, judicial system, education system, administrative system. All these systems are like different parts of the body. One change in a system will impact other systems as well. This is not very hard to imagine. If there are changes in the economic system, other systems will also get affected. If you follow politics, till 1990s the proprietary firms had good presence in politics. But now there are corporates. They have bigger say in politics. Gurgaon Vs. Rohtak. Major corporations have come up. Like human body, if there is one change in one system, there is subsequent changes in other systems. These are organic.

The second idea is that there is progressive differentiation. They evolution starts with simple , single celled organisms. Every function would be carried out in the single cell. Differentiation...

[photo of amoeba]

Amoeba, a single celled creature.

[ photo of cow ]

A mammal has various organs. The limbs of cow are not similar to humans.

We can make distinct sounds. Thanks to Biology.

Coming back to functionalism. Each part should have a function

Coming to education.

Social world.

Durkeim tries to understand the transition of society from simple to complex.

Solidarity. Mechanical solidary means where people...

It is important to pass knowledge, value and skills.

In animals genes are passed. In humans we pass more than the genes. Imagine hunting gathering society. Next generation needs to be trained.

Specialised role.....

Hunters and gathers were like amoeba. Family was the unit of production. Nurturnace.
The form was not different.

Fuctions (specialised) : Warriors, farmers, weavers.
So at this stage we see that people felt that there is some kind of training.

Now in society we have further differentiation. There are policyies.

Everybody needs education.. We have a lot of differentation.

Pedagogic space beyond extended family.

Mass Schooling: Moderm.

Modern society has this idea of mass schooling.

Meta-Question: What is sociology?

Every form has a function. If there is change in one system it will affect other systems.

Each structural feature has a different function.

Ask Questions!

If survival of the fittest were true, no baby would survive.

Have you heard about Eugneics movement. ( Holocaust )
Idea of progressive differentation

****

Durkeim Bhaiya asked two questions:

The modern society has evolved in different ways:

Simple society and complex society.

For any society solidarity is important.

Complex Society: Greater interdependence. This interdependence is NOT visible.

I am dependent on so many institutions. I need to go to market to buy clothes. All of you.
See my dependence on others. In a smaller community a person would know a lot of things. Not as I am dependent of others, others are also dependent on me. We teach our kids. Interdependence is greater now. We are dependent of so many institutions.

What are the things you've consumed? Where did those things come from?

This interdependence is greater now. Division of labour. Deeper specialisation.

Q: Is it good? Deeper specialisation.

We have specialised institutions performing the functions. Somewhere that interdependence is not visible. We have various service providers. You have blacksmiths, barber, cobbler. You could see them. Now I don't know who had woven my clothes. As interdependence increases, its visualisation has decreased. In the previous society there was a mechanical solidarity.

But in this (present) kind of society, we have organic solidarity. This solidarity needs to be built. The important function of education, according to Duru( Durkehiem ) Bhaiya is to create solidarity.

This kind of training, habit, to get associated with a person, who is neither your friend nor relative, is built in school. Family shall treat you in a special way. In a neighbourhood you make associations/ friendships according to your comfort, choice.

There will be general rules in the school, just like the society.

School creates one set of rules for everyone and subjects everyone to those rules without any discrimination. One set of rules applicable to everyone. Accepting the general rule is something that school teaches. If there is violation of the rule, punishment should be there. S/he should realise that the action is bad for the society. He was not in favour of punishing a child out of anger. Punishment should not be out of anger. The child should be explained. Only then punishment will be effective.

Its important that the child associates with a person s/he does not know. Child must follow the rules. This is the way he feels.

What the are functions for society as a whole?

New Value Consensus:
- Acceptance and commitment to General Law and will of society
- Acceptance of the fact that status in modern society is achieved, not given by birth (ascribed)

School is a critical and key institution in modern society. There are no other institutions providing equality. School class functions as social system. Achievement over entitlement.

Ascribe: by birth.

Achieve: by one's own hard work

Status: in a traditional society is ascribed but in a modern society is achieved.

He was in favour of meritocracy. In a class same teacher teaches everyone. Assessment is same, curriculum is same. Hence its a level playing field. He said that school is most important institution for role allocation in a modern society. Unlike a feudal society where roles are assigned according to your birth. You life course has been fixed before your birth.

The modern society believes in the value of achievement . Family cannot bring this value. In family you have different roles. Elder son, younger daughter etc. Your status depends on a lot of things. Everyone has different roles ascribed to them. In family you don't achieve your status. In the school you must achieve your status. School has the function of role allocation in the society. In a modern, meritocratic society, anybody can become anything that they want. He is giving some answer to the question.

School creates new kind of value consensus. The person who is failing will also consider this system as fair. The person who is unskilled labour will also respect this system.

Q. What are the functional relationships between education and others parts of the social system?

Duru Bhaiya : People need to be treated according to the universal laws.

Suppose you are in a queue to buy a ticket.

Aap jaante nahi ho mai kaun hoon!

In modern society your position is achieved.

Function of school with respect to economic system: You need to learn things which are needed in the job market. Only specialised institution can create a skill set.

One of teachers in DU said:
DTC bus conductor, biggest star of our time, Amitabh Bacchhan. He was the son of Harivansh Rai Bacchhan. Kirodimal College. The function of education is to allocate various roles.

*********************************************************************************

30th of July, 2019

You gradually realize you find comfort in some areas.

Relationships

Just imagine the number of interactions you've gone through. If you want to study something you will have to understand the distinct phenomena.

Counting frogs
Weighing frogs

If we imagine that the relationships we build are random, then studying

If we need to study something it needs to have some stability

If everything is so random, there is no pattern, there is no stability, it doesn’t have distinct characteristic, how shall we study it?

What gives stability?

Routine: If you do same thing again and again.
A group routine.

There is a general routine that office timing is nine to five. Its true for Blore, Delhi, Lucknow and Pune.

( Element of Humour )

Understanding patterns.

Habits: Give stability to your interactions.
These habits could be individual.

Customs: Generations after generations. Various things we have been doing in similar ways. We start thinking in terms of religious terms.
Secular rituals and secular customs eg. Celebration of Independence Day.

Coffee Time: Sacred, Customs and rituals. The way ritual shapes society.

Roles: Role outlives the actor. The person may die/disappear but the role will be there.

Principalship is a role. Same school may have a situation when there is no Principal but the role will still be there.

Social Institutions:
Schools. Colleges, offices, marriage as a social institution.

Social Structure: Stratification, class structure during the feudal time

Social structure in modern European society is like a teardrop.

From pyramid to teardrop

If you want to study something you need something distinct to study.

What gives regularity to our actions?

What are the means provided by culture

Animals also repeat their actions.

Animals: Biologically wired to do such things.

Regularity is not unique in human beings. It exists in animals.

My cat comes to me at 2.30 am.
Animals do things repeatedly.

What's unique to humans is that we pass not just the genes but something more.
We don't just stay bound by biology.

Any kind of tool helps us to go beyond the biological limits.

Any physical tool extends your biology.

We also have culture tools and memory tools. They extend our cognitive capability.

What is genetically coded in case of other species….

Social institutions are like social genetics.

Genetic pull is something that’s biological.

Social institution are not natural, they are cultured.

Through memory tools

Symbolism:

Because of currency notes we can defy consumption and preserve it

Animals consume what's there in their immediate.

We consume things far away from us.

We have been able to control our consumption and production.

Particular act has been assigned particular symbolic meaning.

Empirical study: creating hypothesis. A might cause B. Testing of the hypothesis. You give a probabilistic statement.

Social facts are interpreted.

What we get through our senses, we interpret.

In the laboratory its possible to keep many factors constant, in social world its difficult. Because the factors are interlinkied.

ITR course: Control group and intervention group

Seeing the impact of an intervention.

In order to check ethical issues.

Medicine trial

6 weeks internship.

In science you are observing something that doesn't observe you.

Field view of society. They are not arm-chair people.

Impartial observation, you're observing the interpretation.

As a social reformer, your first job is to understand the The maning

How are the sociologists interpreting.

There is certain advantage as well

Simple:

Mass education.

Durkeim has an approach: Functionalist approach.

What is functional approach in sociology?

Transition has been explained by different sociologists in different ways, through different approaches.

Max Weber was not happy with rationalisation. Iron cage of rationality. Not a happy person, in someways.

Social construction of self:
Self fulfilling prophecy

Equality and inequality are loaded terms.
So sociologists use stratification.

Society is also stratified on the basis of status.

For eg. An honest judge might be earning the same as a shopkeeper but the judge will have a higher respect.
The society is stratified not just according to wealth but also status.

Dignity of labour.

Education has impact the social stratification.

There can be more than three themes of stratification.
Like ethnicity, rural/urban etc.

General, introductory of this field

Critical Pedagogy: Mk and Rish.

Harlombus

30th of July, 2019

Notes by Roshan

*********************************************************************************

26th of July, 2019

Recap

We discussed what we study in Sociology. We study about social facts.

Social fact is a fact that we interpret with our consciousness.

Role of Women keep changing from society to society

Stopping at a red light.

Social facts keep changing. They may be present simultaneously.

There should be stability, certainty, generality.

When we assign certain symbols for certain things.

Generality:

Durkeim said about the social fact that it has certain complications. Its a product of human consciousness. If you see a begger, you recognize what his or her needs are.

Social facts keep changing. If it keeps changing, then why is it changing.

This generality is limited by time and space.

Human is a cultural being. Culture creates symbols which leads to social facts. Social facts are social constructions.

Human beings use memory tools. We can extend our biology, our memory. Not just physical biological capacity, but mental biological capacity.

Niz

Social fact is something that... Prodcut of collective consciousness.

Stability, human being creates culture. Biological instincts... Memory tool...

MK:

Anything which clicked? Anything that you find exciting?

Memory tool.

Why do we study sociology?

How do we study sociology?

Anything else?

Social fact has to be recognised/interpreted.

Five senses give us some date. But the data is not social fact.

It must be interpreted, collectively.

The function has been assigned social fact.

Symbols are collective creation. So social facts are also collective.

Q: Will languages be social fact?

Kru: Eating is a physical activity. But what we eat depends on the social fact. Same for walking.

MK: Having coffee is a social act. Not just a physical activity.

Most of the acts that we perform has a social dimension.

" Theek se khana khao " Table manners and etiquettes.

These social aspects of human behaviour we study in sociology.

Sociologist works on the social dimensions of things.

Various aspects of eating can be studied by different disciplines.

Different social actions... Part of it has social dimension.

The class has some understanding of what do we study in sociology.

Social fact cannot be perceived through senses.

After collective interpretation, sensory perception becomes a social fact.

Sense perception gives us data.

Shaking Hands. Interpretation: Friendliness.

We are so much into social facts that we don't feel we have interpreted.

Interpretation is not just of difficult essays and poems. It happens all the time.

We are interpreting the poem. In our case, we do not realise that we are going through interpretation.

You can see shaking hands through your eyes. But Namaskara is interpreration.

Social interpretation is live social action.

Social Fact/Construction

Durkeim.

For Durkeim, he distinguishes social fact and social act.

Social facts are always independent of individuals.

He says; Prinicipal of a School is a social fact. There are certain ways in which .....

Principal has resigned. Someone has ...

Say this university. Twenty years down the line none of us will be here.

Actors will change but institution remains.

This is a strong collective position.

Every actor brings a different style to the same role of a script.

Social fact: For eg. Vice-chancellor of the university.

Social fact and statistics.

In such and such country birth rate is 3.6.

Can any family have 3.6 birth rate?

Class starts with jokes.

Memes and jokes.

A mathematician wanted to cross the river. He found the average height as 4.8.....

We have some idea

Symbloic itner

Community and communication.

Language is not the sole medium of communication.

How do we know when a group become a society?

What is the difference between a group and a society?

Hunting of animals; a coordinated activity.

Will people waiting for bus is a society?

Peter Something has already asked this question.

Sociologists think rigorously. They keep questioning.

How is this class a society?

***

How do we study sociology?

What is the way of studying social science?

August Comte wanted to study the society scientifically.

How do we do things in science?

What is scientific method?

Comte wanted to understand social world scientifically.

He was modelling sociological study on biological study.

He called it social physics.

What is scientific method?

If you can observe and test it.

Observation.

Testing

Making the result predictable.

Explain: Observation.

In a society women are asked to behave in a certain way.

Consistent observation.

Hard Sciences.

Observation, Testing and then Recurrence of the observation.

Darwin: Observation of animals, observing natural selection.

After observation, we form a hypotheses followed by testing.

Observation ----> Recurring ----> Hypotheses ----> Testing

Kru: Dolphins behaviour. They were made to see the mirror. They were able to figure out that they are seeing their reflection.

Rigourous observation is better that observation.

Rigourous means multiple times, with care ( being careful )

After all the labour, years of research, your hypotheses may go wrong.

What if someone gets emotional?

Scientists keep disproving others.

Sociologists tend to disagree with each other.

Hazing: Means taking precautions

Social sciences says probabilistic statements.

I am not able to disprovethat

Null Hypothesis.

Creating hypothesis needs to be rigouros.

Whenever I wear something red I have headache and this had happened seventeen times in my life. Hence, red is not good for me. SO my theory is red in not good for my mental health.

Whenever a black cat crosses my road, my day went bad. ( 18 times )

All the correlations are not causations.

Correlations are things happening in a sequence/simultaneously.

Causation: Cause and effect.

How can I prove that my bad day is a result of the black cat? I will have to keep other things constant.

Possibly, this is the cause of this effect. There could be other cause as well. But you keep other things constant to find out.

Time take for objects to ball down.

In science lab, you have the facility to keep other things constant. You can create vacuum.

Causation can be established after an experiment.

The experimentation in social sciences is difficult. Keeping various factors constant is difficult.

Hypotheses: Class size matters more than the qualification of teacher.

They will take ten different schools and in all the ten different schools they will have similarly qualified teachers.

In this case we keep the teacher qualification constant.

You keep the cohort, its social composition constant. ( Parental background...

We cannot create vacuum in a society.

We know, in India, there's a big difference between graduates.

How can the factors be controlled?

There are parameters which can be kept constant.

The kind of rigorous experimentation possible in science is difficult in social sciences.

Hypothesis: Providing library in school is good for literacy.

Testing: Providing

Randomised Controlled Sampling. Works mostly in health sector.

Snake behaviour, cat behaviour.

You face lots of ethical issues.

Establishing clear causation is difficult is social sciences.

In many cases testing means keeping many factors constant, which may be unethical.

Unethical practice in testing of medicines.

Reasonably good theories can be created. A social scientist may never be able to work like a scientist.

Social science theory cannot be as robust as a science theory.

Consent is essential.

By taking consent one can limit one's ethical guilt.

You may make reasonable guesses and give probabilistic statements.

Social science theories are not hunches.

Common sense in not so common.

In common sense is guided by popular sense.

We cannot meet the standard of hard science, its better to follow some kind of rigorous testing.

By first week of Aug, we will discuss a few things. We will get 10-15 days of time to do th eassignment.

*** Break ***

Suppose in Biology when you go and observe a termite colony and if you are not disturbing colony, they might not change their behaviour because of your presence.

When you go for any kind of survey...

What is your family income?

The answer you will get will be biased. The object you want to interpret will actually interpret you. They will try to sense if you an official or a student. Is this a person from an NGO?

There is a significant difference between social science and science.

[Video recording the lecture through phone and audio through parabolic sound recorder]

You went to observe them, they will also observe you.

When you go as a social scientist, they will observe you and judge you and answer accordingly.

For anthropology study, minimum time is nine months.

If you spend a lot of time with the people they will forget you an carry on with their usual routine.

When you are doing an observation, you are also being observed.

Scientists usually are not 'observed' by their subjects.

Reasonable guess.

Social Science study is systematic.

1. Experimentation is difficult.

2. Observation in itself becomes a social process.

Probabilistic statements... Statements with qualifiers.

Contextual statement.

In Blore Upper primary classes, this and this is the case.

Why do we not have universality in social science the way we have in science?

Q. Can we interpret/understand social revolutions/movement scientifically?

Revolutions in China.

There are many factors that are behind revolutions.

3. The nature of explanation in social sciences is also different.

When you observe something recurring in Chemistry, you test in in different situations and then if it recurs (repeats) then you may form an hypotheses and test it with experiment and hence support with data.

In sociology is there's something that's recurring then we take a step further. In sociology, we ask the why. Why is this recurring again and again?

In this elections you had some 60-70% candidates with criminal record who won the elections.

As this is not a science, the social scientist will ask why is this happening.

Q. When majority of the people are not criminal, then why are they voting for the criminal?

Puzzling questions of the society.

From What we move to ----> WHY.

We conduct series of experiments.

Nature of explanation of social science is different from that of sciences.

You can fight the elections IF you are not convicted.

In natural sciences, you build a deeper theory .

Social Science:

Humans don't just behave,

Our actions as not motivated by our needs, they are motivated by our intent.

The nature of explanation in science and social science.

In social sciences we need to understand thy...

Nature of explanation in social science.

Intentions, Motivations.

There is difference between nature of explanation between sciences and social sciences.

There are various advantages of studying socials sciences.

One, we know ourself better.

The writer could understand the emotions.

Eventually we are studying human beings. This may create biases as well.

French ~ Bengalis

We have tendency to universalise our parochial experiences. This advantage we have because we understand other humans. But this can also become a bias.

To do social science you need to decentre yourself.

*******************************************************************************

25th of July, 2019

Attendance

So how were the three days?

I am not going to talk about that. Did you enjoy it?

Okay so, I've decided not to ask today to summarise previous week's class.

This week you also went for the three days school visit.

We will have practicum exercise for SoE. You will go to same school with some exercises.

Out of eight days, three are non school exercises.

One is watching documentary. One is movie show. Last practicum day. One is something that is a surprise.

Mostly very small things to observe. My belief is that larger sociological question cant be answered by one or two observations. I will tell you what to keep in mind. I will tell you what to ask, how to ask, because an improper manner of asking question might make people uncomfortable.

I will brief you about that.

Course Structure on Moodle.

Once the question "What is Sociology?" is resolved, we will move forward.

I will give you some initial ideas.

Tomorrow I will spend some time on Sociology of Education.

Then I will present you the course structure.

Right?

Two classes we spent on the question,

" What is sociology? "

We asked two questions primarily,

1. What do we study in sociology?

2. How do we study society in sociology?

A what question and a how question.

1. For answering Q1 we had discussions and read papers.

What do we study in sociology?

Social Fact

The way we understand the term fact ... Tangible presence ... Something which has physical presence, we can feel it (air), we can taste it, we can touch it. Something that we can access through our five senses and confirm to make sure that a fact is not biased.

The moment we qualify the fact as social fact, it becomes a product of human consciousness.

This is what I want you to understand.

Everything, when analysed, is a product of human consciousness.

In sociology we deal with product of human consciousness.

Eg. Currency notes has material presence. Rupee, Dollar, Yen doesn't have any physical presence.

Money has mental presence.

Note: Poor man's cheque. I promise to pay the bearer a sum of ten rupees.

Note: The value of the work you do.

The way currency note functions , it has a symbolic function. It denotes a value.

Most of the transactions you do is not through physical currency note.

I never thought I will buy food through PayTM. Card is for bigger purchases, online purchases.

Basically, currency note doesn't have a lot of presence these days.

If you pay by currency notes in Europe, people may judge you.

Each social fact is a product of human consciousness.

Eg. Marriage. Every custom has different rituals.

Taking seven rounds. One can see the physical movement. But when those seven rounds make two people married, it becomes social fact.

Imagine any social fact. You cannot observe a social fact through your five senses. You must engage with it and derive the symbolic meaning.

You must have seen teacher teaching in the class.

Dont trust me.

Teaching is a social fact.

Because the speaking of the teacher is symbloic.

Physically one person is speaking and a group of people are just sitting and listening. The same act could be interpreted as teaching and preaching.

In many cases you might not even see someone speaking. For instance a sitar teacher playing a sitar.

How will you know what's happening?

By understanding the context, by interpretation.

Social facts are interpreted. They are not seen.

Saat Phere might be difficult for foreigners to interpret.

A lot of social facts have just been ingrained in our consciousness.

All social facts are products of social consciousness.

Try creating one example of social fact.

Because of interpretation or because of sensory perception.

Something which needs to be interpreted.

Some social facts:

1. Sindoor and Bindi

2. Touching books with feet

3. Wearing inappropriate clothes

4. Whistling

5. Singing songs when someone is passing

6. Closing the door for privacy

7. Opening door during Diwali

8. Gangajal

9. Non-disposal of images of gods and goddesses

10. Conversations and use of words: Dukaan band karna hai - Dukaan mangal karna hai

Diya bujh gaya - Diya bad gaya

Language

11. White rangoli

Girls not being allowed to study; is that a social fact?

One counter example.

For social fact we need a context.

Festivals.

If you get a degree you get a job. This belief, is it a social fact?

MK: This belief guides your action, so its a social fact.

People of a certain community are terrorists. Is this a social fact?

What is the difference between a bias and a social fact? They are different shades of the same thing.

Degree, marksheet, tenth report card.

It has to be recognized collectively as a degree.

USA is a developed country, India is a developing country, Indonesia is an under-developed country.

Who decides the model of development?

We may disagree.

Development, how should it be interpreted?

This a matter of definition and collective interpretation. This is a dominant idea.

Some social facts that are debatable.

India has a democratic government.

The physical example: Elections, people standing in a queue, people pressing a button in the EVM.

Basically, any social fact involves act of interpretation.

Eg. Eating. Is not a social fact. But eating together is a social fact.

Psychologist Watson (maybe).

Behaviourist. He taught two pigeons to play Table Tennis. He first formed this habit that pigeon to play table tennis.

Question. Contradict. Think Differently.

The act of interpretation.

Social Fact: Result of collective interpretation.

The collective will keep changing.

The scientific facts are static in time and space. On the contrary, social facts keep changing.

The idea of certainty comes with fact.

Here we are admitting if social facts keep changing why are we calling it fact?

How do we arrive at collective consciousness?

Whether currency note is a social fact?

Pk is a good movie to understand social fact.

This is a tricky situation.

I am married. Is it a social fact?

Duality of facts.

Acts of collective interpretation keep changing.

Social facts are not universal facts.

Currency notes are a social fact in India.

Currency notes, marriage rituals have some kind of generality. That generality is limited by time and space.

Though social fact is not universal like the scientific facts but it has some stability, some certainty, some generality.

How we achieve some kind of generality?

How do social facts take birth?

It comes from generation to generation.

It resists change.

Coercion.

We achieve those generalities by forming habits, by creating culture. We go there by creating culture.

Product of consciousness because it requires interpretation.

Stability, certainty, generality.

This certainty comes because humans have the capacity to create a culture.

Break for 7 minutes 30 seconds!

From where do we attain the stability?

We get the stability by creating a culture.

Animals behave on the basis of their biological instinct. The instinct is to preserve its species.

Hard-wired in their biology.

Animals behave in certain ways because of their biology. To understand animals you have to understand their biology.

Human beings are not limited by biology.

I cannot reach the projector because my hand is not that long.

But I can use tools to switch on the projector.

Or I could use the remote and switch the projector on. So the remote is the extension of my hand.

Spectacles are an extension of my eye.

There are certain machines that help me listen sounds.

None of us can fly biologically. But we can fly.

Through these tools are bypassing, transcending our biology, our limits. Whatever limit biology has created, we are doing beyond it. We see what our naked eyes can see.

Is not our brain a biology?

Maybe, when we create culture we transcend our biology.

We also extend our memory. One social physchologist Some-vksy, as we have physical tool to extend our physical capacity, we have memory tool to extend our memory.

Simple memory tool; Tying a knot.

Story of Mirza Ghalib. He used to say a sher at midnight.

Tying the nada of his payjama. We are tool creating animals. This also creates lots of problems.

Nature

Prakriti

Culture

Sanskriti

Kriti is common in prakriti and sanskriti.

Meaning of Pra - Prior.

Kriti - formation.

Pra-Kriti : Something which had been formed before we arrived: Prakriti.

Sanskriti: When we use that natural things and we create a better life. Harmonise.

We primarily create culture by creating memory tools.

Memory Tools - Writing, photography, videography, audio,

We are extending our memory by using memory tools.

This culture creates symbols.

Symbol: assigning a function to something.

For Eg. Marriage.

What helps us to interpret the seven rounds of the Hindu marriage.

Culture helps us to build collective consciousness.

Culture helps us to interpret certain things.

( Shows fifty rupees note ) The value assigned to this

People at ***** college take bath when they had to go for the placement interview .

Idea that we can make symbol of something else. Symbol is only symbol if it is collectively interpreted.

Worship.

Joining two hands is considered a mark of respect.

Some of our behaviour may not be explained by Biology

Lots of our acts cannot be explained by biology until and unless there are certain medical conditions.

Michael Someshot

Thik se chalo. Thik se baitho.

Don't be shocked if your students are behaving in a different way.

Even a simple act could have social connotation.

Chinese women foot binding.

Lots of behaviours require sociological explanation.

There is tendency to bring biological explanation for all kinds of sociological discrimination.

In 1930 one woman called Simon --- , women are not born, they are made.

The general belief is that females need to be treated differently because they have different biology.

Differences are not deficiencies. They could be interpreted as deficiencies.

Social facts are social constructions. Our life is constructed socially, culturally.

We conduct everyday acts through interpretation. You stop at a red light. Red light is a symbol of stopping. This is an act of interpretation. Social fact. Its an act of interpretation, not a sensory perception.

Our life is constructed around these symbols. Its liberating. The moment we say something is a social construction... Biological facts are permanent. Social facts can be challenged. You challenge patriarchy.

Marx never said he was a sociologist. Realization that things are socially constructed

Min Expectation: 1 chapter.

Sociology: A very brief introduction ( By Oxford )

Marxism: A very short introduction

Class Tomorrow: 8:40 am

****************************************************************************

18th of July, 2019

Inform the faculty of your absence in advance.

Recap

Society is not simply the aggregate of individuals.

Society is counter-intuitive.

Durkeim's point. He systematically argues it.

Six individuals is not a society.

A society will have an entity more than the six individuals.

Kiran:

Trying to figure out what sociology is.

Sociology is the study of something, figuring out what that thing is.

Let's categorise it.

Behaviours, structures, organisation.

Keep Things Simple.

Prachi:

In the last class we tried to define sociology.

We defined certain examples, table and dance.

Social institutions, structure, behaviour.

Newton: Underlying principles governing

***

Did you go through the books on sociology?

[ Download sociology NCERT books ]

Topics that we study in sociology.

Market, is also studied extensively in economics.

Culture, is studied in anthropology as well.

Delimiting the definition of sociology.

Which questions could we leave for other disciplines?

New branch of knowledge is there is an aspect of life not being studied by other disciplines.

SOC came around 19th century. ECO goes back to 17th century.

Until and unless you feel there is an aspect of human life not being studied by other disciplines, only then do we form a new discipline

Early sociologists,

What is the phenomena left for us that is not being studied by other disciplines?

Are the existing methods of reflection not sufficient?

Different religions have certain views about marriage. Religious text.

Somewhere SOClists feel the method to study a topic is not adequate.

August Comte invented sociology. He felt the method to study society could be better.

We should study social life using scientific methods.

Social Physics.

We started studying heavenly bodies by careful observation, systematic documentation and classification. Observe the phenomena as it is. Be a neutral observer. August Komte ..

There are certain laws that explain the phenomena.

Hope. If natural phenomena can use scientific methods, why can't we. - SOCgists.

Galileo said" Heavier things fall faster.

Not everything falls at the same rate.

Demonstration: Pen and Paper.

Galileo said it with logic. He tried to demonstrate it.

We need careful observation and application of logic, then we know the truth.

Everything will fall at the same speed if the air pressure is constant.

Careful observation, making causal connection.

We have Physics, Chemistry and Biology. We need sociology.

Cause and effect. This understanding of cause and effect will help us to understand and predict.

People realised that there is a wide difference between natural sciences and sociology.

Phenomena being studied in sociology is radically different from the natural phenomena.

Get the crux of the reading that is being sent you to.

Core reading from the compendium is a MUST READ.

Seminal essay - essay which someone keeps referring to.

Keep making attempts. Keep reading. Read original works.

August Komte felt social fact can be studied with same scientific precision by careful observation.

What is careful observation?

Logical observation.

Scientists keep thinking.

Building a theory.

With one theory we can explain a thousand things.

August Komte was too hopeful and ambitious.

Social phenomna are qualitatively different from natural phenomena.

Fact

The light of speed in vacuum is 3 x 10^8 m/s in vacuum.

New Delhi is capital of India after 1911.

Certain facts are facts.

Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

Delimiting, Hazing.

All living beings die.

Nutrition is essential for living organisms.

The human heart has four chambers.

26 letters in English alphabet.

***

Opinions

Abortion is not good.

India can be a member of Security Council. ( This is a prediction. )

Euthanasia should be made legal.

***

What is the difference between facts and opinion?

Facts Opinions

Objective ( from object ) Subjective

( a person who is doing

Objective:

Object

Its imposing a fact.

Cannot be objective.

Someone who does is the subject.

Its better to clarify.

Objective: reality which is independent of the observer.

Facts are observer independent.

Facts don't depend on the mood of the person.

Water will boil at 100 degrees everywhere.

Observer - independent

Difference between fact and truth.

Fact is an established truth.

Facts need to

Currency notes: Poor man's cheque.

Difference between 100 rupees note and 100 rupees.

Currency note is not rupees.

Hard Fact

You don't have 100 rupees. You have a hundred rupees note.

Natural facts: Observer independent facts. Timeless facts.

Social Fact: Though different from natural fact, social fact is a fact. Its dependent on the observer, though not on the independent observer. Time-bound. Space-bound?

We still call if a fact because it's independent of individual observation.

Facts are certain, opinions are uncertain.

Social facts are facts.

Can I sue the Bangalore autowallas for not using meters ?!!

A reality which is a distinct phenomena.

We cannot 'do' social physics.

Social facts are independent of the individual.

Institution

" Gandhi is the father of the nation "

Facts exist.

Not forced by collective.

Facts do not depend on human consciousness.

We are saying that social facts are observer dependent fact.

If all the Indians disappear, the 200 rupee currency note will also vanish. Hence its a social fact.

Social fact: Somehow, its certain.

Social facts are dependent on the collective.

Barter system, putting value in coin. Accepting currency notes.

Our salary is just a number.

Facts are independent of individual feelings.

Social fact is mandates by the collective.

We created a demon but now the demon is harming us.

Norms and social facts

Social Fact: Established

What's in a number? Marriage.

Coercive.

Is every law a social fact?

In terms are laws, social facts have authority. Coercion.

My wife and me want buy a three wheeler. Can we come in it?

( Students laugh ). The laugh is a coercion.

Certain social facts have legal power.

Ostracizing.

Social habit/idea

You are calling it fact but you add an adjective before it.

Social fact has some certainty like a fact, some something different.

Durkeim: Doesn't problematize the issue of power.

For durkeim, coercion is not a problem.

Social facts are facts because its independent of humans.

Two different diktats: ( Sabrimala Case )

That gives sociologists the job!!

Durkeim was trying to establish a job for himself.

All social facts are products of human consciousness.

Some social facts are artefacts, like the currency note. Some social facts are symbolic.

A sociologist cannot be as certain as a natural scientist.

Caste system is a social fact. It can impose itself.

Patriarchy is a social fact.

Social facts can outlive time. It guides individual practice.

How is caste system a social fact?

For eg. Girl wants to marry other caste which is lower. What stops the father to get her married is the social fact.

Log kya kahenge? The 'log' are the social fact.

All social facts are not demons.

Caste system is recognised by law.

Collective could be a small group as well

How does a social fact take birth?

How does a social fact die?

The choice of a dress.

Three Wheeler.

Doodle Dude

Sociologists can decipher patterns.

Challenging social fact.

Social facts are time-relative.

Hegemony.

Social facts bring cohesion and solidarity in the society.

Durkeim

@ Read Durkeim and Giddins.

******************************************************************************

16th of July, 2019

Take Notes! Keeps your mind active!

Manoj ; SoE

Second class of the semester

The way you start a course,

You provide structure, expectations, round of introductions

My mental faculty is not agile enough to remember all the names.

Gradually we will get to know about each other.

Course structure

I assume that the class is diverse and people are from different background

Unpacking Sociology

What is sociology?

CBSE, NCERT ( Sociology ) [ Watch videos about sociology ]

Sociology is all inclusive. Different experiences in the class with be meaningful and helpful for this course.

What is sociology?

When you raise any question, what kind of answer do you expect?

panopticon

In real life we never ask a what question with a familiar object.

We ask a what question when we encounter everything new.

Have you watched 3 Idiots?

What is a machine?

Why do professors and textbooks bring this kind of definitions.

When you define you want to include all the points, you want to include all the characteristics.

In academia, in the discipline, when you define canal and river,

Canal

River

Attempt we make to define certain things.

Accurate definition.

Jargon is essential?

Provide Rancho kind of answers to sociology.

A universal kind of definition.

What do you get when you try to define something?

Define Table

When we define something we bring function and use of it.

Tables could be made of metal and glass.

You may have table with less than four legs.

The challenge is

A property which is common to all the tables.

Abstraction;

Food

Getting the essence out of the things.

Try to define because it gives you some meaning, sense, otherwise this world is diverse, every changing, how to grapple it, how to contain it in our mind.

What is the function of heart?

How do you define dance?

Its an art form.

It has movements with rhythm.

A set of movements that flow along with a music.

Its a rhythmic movement.

Dance: Understanding the ways of doing it.

It has movement. All the movements are not dance.

It usually comes with song.

Deliberately it brings a rhythmic pattern.

Function:

Its used to entertain, express, aesthetic enrichment of the audience,

Its a profession or amateur work.

Don't leave out amateur work.

Creating a boundary which only allows the phenomena, object, process.

We create a boundary.

Old Amitabh Bacchhan movie ( to give false witness )

Imaan Dharam

How big was the stolen thing? ( The Hen )

While defining bring both your hands, we specific.

Poetry and Sociology

The situations you will encounter.

What is sociology?

Why is this not education?!

We may have a look at the etymology.

Socio - Logy

The study of social behaviour of human beings

That's how Giddins has approached the question.

List down the topics which are studied in sociology.

Caste system, social changes, class problem, gender, economic behaviour, religion, environment, social environment, tradition, rituals, patriarchy, marriage, art forms.

Don't jump to big words.

List down all the topics

Start with small words, think systematically.

Reduce the list and define the topic.

All the answers will be correct anwers.

Come up with one working definition, not a final definition.

A ten minute break is your right :) Yay!!

***

Study of society

Human social relations

Study of relationships

Community

Society behaviour

Religion

Economic

Language

History

Art Forms

Transformation from rural to urban

Occupation

Class

Trade

Social issues

Way of thinking

Customs, Ritual

Dressing

Food ( Gastronomy )

Money / Currency

Resoruces

Geography ( Basawat )

Governance

Power

Laws

Ways of Punishment

Education, method of accepting knowledge

PolicyLife

Lifestyle

Livelihood

Architechture

Psychology, way of thinking

Upbrining,

Modes of transport

Celebration

Communication

ICT ; Use of technology

Ways of storing information

Entertainment Modes

Hierarchy

Economic background of people

Literature

Values and Ethics

What is the difference between

Structure: Something that reproduces itself.

Behaviour

Sociology is a collective analysis.

Are animals a part of sociology?

Sociology connects people, its the study of human interactions, its a structure based study.

What is NOT sociology?

If we discover alien life in other planets, will that be sociology?

Coming up with the idea of what is not sociology...

Delimiting the area of study is difficult.

Sociology is a careful analysis of human elements.

What does psychology do then? What does History do?

Why do we know different disciplines?

Human Problems: Biological, Psychological, Existential (theology),

Social Institution Social Structure Social Behaviour

Community Economic Human social relations

Religion Language Study of relationships

Language History Society behaviour

Customs, Ritual Transformation from rural to urban Language

History Occupation History

Governance Class Art Forms

Laws Trade Social issues

Ways of Punishment Social issues Way of thinking

Education, method of accepting knowledge Customs, Ritual Dressing

Policy Dressing Food ( Gastronomy )

Money / Currency Power

Resoruces Ways of Punishment

Geography ( Basawat ) Lifestyle

Power Livelihood

Ways of Punishment

Livelihood

Architechture

How humans should live in a society?

Sociology is the study of human centric world. Its inclusive and dynamic. It looks at the entire society

Collection of things

How an individual can behave might be different in isolation and in a mob.

Society is not like a salad plate. Its like the khichdi.

Crux of the matter:

Something happens with the entire society. Its not like a salad plate.

It like putting several ingredients in the boiling pot.

Society is something different.

Sociology as analysis of underlying factors that change the society and the individual.

On the surface you have diverse reality.

You have so many movements in this world. There should be one thing defining all the movements.

There are certain underlying principles that govern the world.

NEWTON Movie Reference:

Write notes !!

Physicists can make very broad generalisations.

Even sociologists try to generalise.

Karl Marx : What governs society is the mode of production. Relationships at the workplace.

Capitalism has taken various historic forms in different countries.

In capitalism you produce for selling.

When Max Weber, makes an attempt to understand modernisation?

What is the one thing that separates modern and traditional society?

Bureaucreatization.

It makes interactions impersonal.

Examples of underlying principles.

Relationship of society and individual is reciprocating. Society influences the individual and vice-versa.

The way children are named.

There are people who break the norms.

Entire society is not just the sum total of all the individuals. Its more than, not just an aggregate of the individual.

Social fact: sui genris (unique)

What is social fact? ( Week 1 Moodle Page )

Social facts are unique.

We found a lot of subsets.

In all the subsets one thing was common - humans

Feminism

Human interactions are different form those of animals.

Eg. Language

Identity of self

Social interactionists

Interaction of individual in society

Human interactions are really different.

Social interactions

Overlap between various categories.

Structure in a society is not a physical one.

Its the behaviour of the people.

Repeatitive behaviour make

Social structure must be reproduced.

Sociology: Helps us to understand our relations with others.

Understanding the rationale of things that are happening around you.

Sociologists help us to understand the problems.

Sociological Imagination

Very Small Task:

Sociology Text Books: Chapters of that book ; You'll get to know the course.

Harlombus, orange cover.

Readings for the next class: Social Fact

Do the core readings!

Thu: 8.40 am

702

Movie References

Definition of sociology

3 Idiots

Imaan Dharam

Newton

Sociology: Helps us to understand our relations with others.

Understanding the rationale of things that are happening around you.

Entire society is not just the sum total of all the individuals. Its more than, not just an aggregate of the individual.

What is not sociology?

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Notes from APU

ED: SoE

17th of October, 2019

10th of October, 2019

24th of September, 2019

5th of September, 2019

3rd September, 2019

29th of August, 2019

27th of August, 2019

22nd of August, 2019

20th of August, 2019

13th of August, 2019

8th of August, 2019

6th of August, 2019

1st of August 2019

1st of August 2019

1st of August 2019

30th of July, 2019

30th of July, 2019

26th of July, 2019

25th of July, 2019

18th of July, 2019

16th of July, 2019

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