26th of July, 2019
Recap
Ni
We discussed what we study in Sociology. We study about social facts.
Social fact is a fact that we interpret with our consciousness.
Role of Women keep changing from society to society
Stopping at a red light.
Social facts keep changing. They may be present simultaneously.
There should be stability, certainty, generality.
When we assign certain symbols for certain things.
Generality:
Ya
Durkeim said about the social fact that it has certain complications. Its a product of human consciousness. If you see a begger, you recognize what his or her needs are.
Social facts keep changing. If it keeps changing, then why is it changing.
This generality is limited by time and space.
Human is a cultural being. Culture creates symbols which leads to social facts. Social facts are social constructions.
Human beings use memory tools. We can extend our biology, our memory. Not just physical biological capacity, but mental biological capacity.
Niz
Social fact is something that... Prodcut of collective consciousness.
Stability, human being creates culture. Biological instincts... Memory tool...
MK:
Anything which clicked? Anything that you find exciting?
Memory tool.
Why do we study sociology?
How do we study sociology?
Anything else?
Social fact has to be recognised/interpreted.
Five senses give us some date. But the data is not social fact.
It must be interpreted, collectively.
The function has been assigned social fact.
Symbols are collective creation. So social facts are also collective.
Q: Will languages be social fact?
Kru: Eating is a physical activity. But what we eat depends on the social fact. Same for walking.
MK: Having coffee is a social act. Not just a physical activity.
Most of the acts that we perform has a social dimension.
" Theek se khana khao " Table manners and etiquettes.
These social aspects of human behaviour we study in sociology.
Sociologist works on the social dimensions of things.
Various aspects of eating can be studied by different disciplines.
Different social actions... Part of it has social dimension.
The class has some understanding of what do we study in sociology.
Social fact cannot be perceived through senses.
After collective interpretation, sensory perception becomes a social fact.
Sense perception gives us data.
Shaking Hands. Interpretation: Friendliness.
We are so much into social facts that we don't feel we have interpreted.
Interpretation is not just of difficult essays and poems. It happens all the time.
We are interpreting the poem. In our case, we do not realise that we are going through interpretation.
You can see shaking hands through your eyes. But Namaskara is interpreration.
Social interpretation is live social action.
Social Fact/Construction
Durkeim.
For Durkeim, he distinguishes social fact and social act.
Social facts are always independent of individuals.
He says; Prinicipal of a School is a social fact. There are certain ways in which .....
Principal has resigned. Someone has ...
Say this university. Twenty years down the line none of us will be here.
Actors will change but institution remains.
This is a strong collective position.
Every actor brings a different style to the same role of a script.
Social fact: For eg. Vice-chancellor of the university.
Social fact and statistics.
In such and such country birth rate is 3.6.
Can any family have 3.6 birth rate?
Class starts with jokes.
Memes and jokes.
A mathematician wanted to cross the river. He found the average height as 4.8.....
We have some idea
Symbloic itner
Community and communication.
Language is not the sole medium of communication.
How do we know when a group become a society?
What is the difference between a group and a society?
Hunting of animals; a coordinated activity.
Will people waiting for bus is a society?
Peter Something has already asked this question.
Sociologists think rigorously. They keep questioning.
How is this class a society?
***
How do we study sociology?
What is the way of studying social science?
August Comte wanted to study the society scientifically.
How do we do things in science?
What is scientific method?
Comte wanted to understand social world scientifically.
He was modelling sociological study on biological study.
He called it social physics.
What is scientific method?
If you can observe and test it.
Observation.
Testing
Making the result predictable.
Explain: Observation.
In a society women are asked to behave in a certain way.
Consistent observation.
Hard Sciences.
Observation, Testing and then Recurrence of the observation.
Darwin: Observation of animals, observing natural selection.
After observation, we form a hypotheses followed by testing.
Observation ----> Recurring ----> Hypotheses ----> Testing
Kru: Dolphins behaviour. They were made to see the mirror. They were able to figure out that they are seeing their reflection.
Rigourous observation is better that observation.
Rigourous means multiple times, with care ( being careful )
After all the labour, years of research, your hypotheses may go wrong.
What if someone gets emotional?
Scientists keep disproving others.
Sociologists tend to disagree with each other.
Hazing: Means taking precautions
Social sciences says probabilistic statements.
I am not able to disprovethat
Null Hypothesis.
Creating hypothesis needs to be rigouros.
Whenever I wear something red I have headache and this had happened seventeen times in my life. Hence, red is not good for me. SO my theory is red in not good for my mental health.
Whenever a black cat crosses my road, my day went bad. ( 18 times )
All the correlations are not causations.
Correlations are things happening in a sequence/simultaneously.
Causation: Cause and effect.
How can I prove that my bad day is a result of the black cat? I will have to keep other things constant.
Possibly, this is the cause of this effect. There could be other cause as well. But you keep other things constant to find out.
Time take for objects to ball down.
In science lab, you have the facility to keep other things constant. You can create vacuum.
Causation can be established after an experiment.
The experimentation in social sciences is difficult. Keeping various factors constant is difficult.
Hypotheses: Class size matters more than the qualification of teacher.
They will take ten different schools and in all the ten different schools they will have similarly qualified teachers.
In this case we keep the teacher qualification constant.
You keep the cohort, its social composition constant. ( Parental background...
We cannot create vacuum in a society.
We know, in India, there's a big difference between graduates.
How can the factors be controlled?
There are parameters which can be kept constant.
The kind of rigorous experimentation possible in science is difficult in social sciences.
Hypothesis: Providing library in school is good for literacy.
Testing: Providing
Randomised Controlled Sampling. Works mostly in health sector.
Snake behaviour, cat behaviour.
You face lots of ethical issues.
Establishing clear causation is difficult is social sciences.
In many cases testing means keeping many factors constant, which may be unethical.
Unethical practice in testing of medicines.
Reasonably good theories can be created. A social scientist may never be able to work like a scientist.
Social science theory cannot be as robust as a science theory.
Consent is essential.
By taking consent one can limit one's ethical guilt.
You may make reasonable guesses and give probabilistic statements.
Social science theories are not hunches.
Common sense in not so common.
In common sense is guided by popular sense.
We cannot meet the standard of hard science, its better to follow some kind of rigorous testing.
By first week of Aug, we will discuss a few things. We will get 10-15 days of time to do th eassignment.
*** Break ***
Suppose in Biology when you go and observe a termite colony and if you are not disturbing colony, they might not change their behaviour because of your presence.
When you go for any kind of survey...
What is your family income?
The answer you will get will be biased. The object you want to interpret will actually interpret you. They will try to sense if you an official or a student. Is this a person from an NGO?
There is a significant difference between social science and science.
[Video recording the lecture through phone and audio through parabolic sound recorder]
You went to observe them, they will also observe you.
When you go as a social scientist, they will observe you and judge you and answer accordingly.
For anthropology study, minimum time is nine months.
If you spend a lot of time with the people they will forget you an carry on with their usual routine.
When you are doing an observation, you are also being observed.
Scientists usually are not 'observed' by their subjects.
Reasonable guess.
Social Science study is systematic.
1. Experimentation is difficult.
2. Observation in itself becomes a social process.
Probabilistic statements... Statements with qualifiers.
Contextual statement.
In Blore Upper primary classes, this and this is the case.
Why do we not have universality in social science the way we have in science?
Q. Can we interpret/understand social revolutions/movement scientifically?
Revolutions in China.
There are many factors that are behind revolutions.
3. The nature of explanation in social sciences is also different.
When you observe something recurring in Chemistry, you test in in different situations and then if it recurs (repeats) then you may form an hypotheses and test it with experiment and hence support with data.
In sociology is there's something that's recurring then we take a step further. In sociology, we ask the why. Why is this recurring again and again?
In this elections you had some 60-70% candidates with criminal record who won the elections.
As this is not a science, the social scientist will ask why is this happening.
Q. When majority of the people are not criminal, then why are they voting for the criminal?
Puzzling questions of the society.
From What we move to ----> WHY.
We conduct series of experiments.
Nature of explanation of social science is different from that of sciences.
You can fight the elections IF you are not convicted.
In natural sciences, you build a deeper theory .
Social Science:
Humans don't just behave,
Our actions as not motivated by our needs, they are motivated by our intent.
The nature of explanation in science and social science.
In social sciences we need to understand thy...
Nature of explanation in social science.
Intentions, Motivations.
There is difference between nature of explanation between sciences and social sciences.
There are various advantages of studying socials sciences.
One, we know ourself better.
The writer could understand the emotions.
Eventually we are studying human beings. This may create biases as well.
French ~ Bengalis
We have tendency to universalise our parochial experiences. This advantage we have because we understand other humans. But this can also become a bias.
To do social science you need to decentre yourself.
***
Contributions are welcome!
Ni
We discussed what we study in Sociology. We study about social facts.
Social fact is a fact that we interpret with our consciousness.
Role of Women keep changing from society to society
Stopping at a red light.
Social facts keep changing. They may be present simultaneously.
There should be stability, certainty, generality.
When we assign certain symbols for certain things.
Generality:
Ya
Durkeim said about the social fact that it has certain complications. Its a product of human consciousness. If you see a begger, you recognize what his or her needs are.
Social facts keep changing. If it keeps changing, then why is it changing.
This generality is limited by time and space.
Human is a cultural being. Culture creates symbols which leads to social facts. Social facts are social constructions.
Human beings use memory tools. We can extend our biology, our memory. Not just physical biological capacity, but mental biological capacity.
Niz
Social fact is something that... Prodcut of collective consciousness.
Stability, human being creates culture. Biological instincts... Memory tool...
MK:
Anything which clicked? Anything that you find exciting?
Memory tool.
Why do we study sociology?
How do we study sociology?
Anything else?
Social fact has to be recognised/interpreted.
Five senses give us some date. But the data is not social fact.
It must be interpreted, collectively.
The function has been assigned social fact.
Symbols are collective creation. So social facts are also collective.
Q: Will languages be social fact?
Kru: Eating is a physical activity. But what we eat depends on the social fact. Same for walking.
MK: Having coffee is a social act. Not just a physical activity.
Most of the acts that we perform has a social dimension.
" Theek se khana khao " Table manners and etiquettes.
These social aspects of human behaviour we study in sociology.
Sociologist works on the social dimensions of things.
Various aspects of eating can be studied by different disciplines.
Different social actions... Part of it has social dimension.
The class has some understanding of what do we study in sociology.
Social fact cannot be perceived through senses.
After collective interpretation, sensory perception becomes a social fact.
Sense perception gives us data.
Shaking Hands. Interpretation: Friendliness.
We are so much into social facts that we don't feel we have interpreted.
Interpretation is not just of difficult essays and poems. It happens all the time.
We are interpreting the poem. In our case, we do not realise that we are going through interpretation.
You can see shaking hands through your eyes. But Namaskara is interpreration.
Social interpretation is live social action.
Social Fact/Construction
Durkeim.
For Durkeim, he distinguishes social fact and social act.
Social facts are always independent of individuals.
He says; Prinicipal of a School is a social fact. There are certain ways in which .....
Principal has resigned. Someone has ...
Say this university. Twenty years down the line none of us will be here.
Actors will change but institution remains.
This is a strong collective position.
Every actor brings a different style to the same role of a script.
Social fact: For eg. Vice-chancellor of the university.
Social fact and statistics.
In such and such country birth rate is 3.6.
Can any family have 3.6 birth rate?
Class starts with jokes.
Memes and jokes.
A mathematician wanted to cross the river. He found the average height as 4.8.....
We have some idea
Symbloic itner
Community and communication.
Language is not the sole medium of communication.
How do we know when a group become a society?
What is the difference between a group and a society?
Hunting of animals; a coordinated activity.
Will people waiting for bus is a society?
Peter Something has already asked this question.
Sociologists think rigorously. They keep questioning.
How is this class a society?
***
How do we study sociology?
What is the way of studying social science?
August Comte wanted to study the society scientifically.
How do we do things in science?
What is scientific method?
Comte wanted to understand social world scientifically.
He was modelling sociological study on biological study.
He called it social physics.
What is scientific method?
If you can observe and test it.
Observation.
Testing
Making the result predictable.
Explain: Observation.
In a society women are asked to behave in a certain way.
Consistent observation.
Hard Sciences.
Observation, Testing and then Recurrence of the observation.
Darwin: Observation of animals, observing natural selection.
After observation, we form a hypotheses followed by testing.
Observation ----> Recurring ----> Hypotheses ----> Testing
Kru: Dolphins behaviour. They were made to see the mirror. They were able to figure out that they are seeing their reflection.
Rigourous observation is better that observation.
Rigourous means multiple times, with care ( being careful )
After all the labour, years of research, your hypotheses may go wrong.
What if someone gets emotional?
Scientists keep disproving others.
Sociologists tend to disagree with each other.
Hazing: Means taking precautions
Social sciences says probabilistic statements.
I am not able to disprovethat
Null Hypothesis.
Creating hypothesis needs to be rigouros.
Whenever I wear something red I have headache and this had happened seventeen times in my life. Hence, red is not good for me. SO my theory is red in not good for my mental health.
Whenever a black cat crosses my road, my day went bad. ( 18 times )
All the correlations are not causations.
Correlations are things happening in a sequence/simultaneously.
Causation: Cause and effect.
How can I prove that my bad day is a result of the black cat? I will have to keep other things constant.
Possibly, this is the cause of this effect. There could be other cause as well. But you keep other things constant to find out.
Time take for objects to ball down.
In science lab, you have the facility to keep other things constant. You can create vacuum.
Causation can be established after an experiment.
The experimentation in social sciences is difficult. Keeping various factors constant is difficult.
Hypotheses: Class size matters more than the qualification of teacher.
They will take ten different schools and in all the ten different schools they will have similarly qualified teachers.
In this case we keep the teacher qualification constant.
You keep the cohort, its social composition constant. ( Parental background...
We cannot create vacuum in a society.
We know, in India, there's a big difference between graduates.
How can the factors be controlled?
There are parameters which can be kept constant.
The kind of rigorous experimentation possible in science is difficult in social sciences.
Hypothesis: Providing library in school is good for literacy.
Testing: Providing
Randomised Controlled Sampling. Works mostly in health sector.
Snake behaviour, cat behaviour.
You face lots of ethical issues.
Establishing clear causation is difficult is social sciences.
In many cases testing means keeping many factors constant, which may be unethical.
Unethical practice in testing of medicines.
Reasonably good theories can be created. A social scientist may never be able to work like a scientist.
Social science theory cannot be as robust as a science theory.
Consent is essential.
By taking consent one can limit one's ethical guilt.
You may make reasonable guesses and give probabilistic statements.
Social science theories are not hunches.
Common sense in not so common.
In common sense is guided by popular sense.
We cannot meet the standard of hard science, its better to follow some kind of rigorous testing.
By first week of Aug, we will discuss a few things. We will get 10-15 days of time to do th eassignment.
*** Break ***
Suppose in Biology when you go and observe a termite colony and if you are not disturbing colony, they might not change their behaviour because of your presence.
When you go for any kind of survey...
What is your family income?
The answer you will get will be biased. The object you want to interpret will actually interpret you. They will try to sense if you an official or a student. Is this a person from an NGO?
There is a significant difference between social science and science.
[Video recording the lecture through phone and audio through parabolic sound recorder]
You went to observe them, they will also observe you.
When you go as a social scientist, they will observe you and judge you and answer accordingly.
For anthropology study, minimum time is nine months.
If you spend a lot of time with the people they will forget you an carry on with their usual routine.
When you are doing an observation, you are also being observed.
Scientists usually are not 'observed' by their subjects.
Reasonable guess.
Social Science study is systematic.
1. Experimentation is difficult.
2. Observation in itself becomes a social process.
Probabilistic statements... Statements with qualifiers.
Contextual statement.
In Blore Upper primary classes, this and this is the case.
Why do we not have universality in social science the way we have in science?
Q. Can we interpret/understand social revolutions/movement scientifically?
Revolutions in China.
There are many factors that are behind revolutions.
3. The nature of explanation in social sciences is also different.
When you observe something recurring in Chemistry, you test in in different situations and then if it recurs (repeats) then you may form an hypotheses and test it with experiment and hence support with data.
In sociology is there's something that's recurring then we take a step further. In sociology, we ask the why. Why is this recurring again and again?
In this elections you had some 60-70% candidates with criminal record who won the elections.
As this is not a science, the social scientist will ask why is this happening.
Q. When majority of the people are not criminal, then why are they voting for the criminal?
Puzzling questions of the society.
From What we move to ----> WHY.
We conduct series of experiments.
Nature of explanation of social science is different from that of sciences.
You can fight the elections IF you are not convicted.
In natural sciences, you build a deeper theory .
Social Science:
Humans don't just behave,
Our actions as not motivated by our needs, they are motivated by our intent.
The nature of explanation in science and social science.
In social sciences we need to understand thy...
Nature of explanation in social science.
Intentions, Motivations.
There is difference between nature of explanation between sciences and social sciences.
There are various advantages of studying socials sciences.
One, we know ourself better.
The writer could understand the emotions.
Eventually we are studying human beings. This may create biases as well.
French ~ Bengalis
We have tendency to universalise our parochial experiences. This advantage we have because we understand other humans. But this can also become a bias.
To do social science you need to decentre yourself.
***
Contributions are welcome!
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